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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES IMPLICATIONS FOR FISCAL POLICY AND CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES IMPLICATIONS FOR FISCAL POLICY AND CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES

... tax and debt capacities. We study a non stochastic CRS endogenous growth model where public expenditure is an input in the production process, in countries where distortions and limited enforceability result in limited fiscal capacities, as captured by a maximal effective tax rate. We show how persi ...
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Achieving the Investment Plan for Europe`s €315 billion
Achieving the Investment Plan for Europe`s €315 billion

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ex post
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natural rate of unemployment
natural rate of unemployment

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capital investment
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Financial Markets
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here - Indiana University Bloomington

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Lecture notes on Harrod - Docenti Università di Siena
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... that are in general unknown to capitalists. So, in general, we should not expect that the economy will grow along a warranted growth rate. There are two cases in which, however, we might expect the economy to follow gw. One is if capitalists behave following Say’s Law. As seen in section 1.1, if cap ...
the canadian unemployment rate — with and without alberta`s boom
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... sophisticated general equilibrium models to try to gain at least some rough idea of what would be the impact of an alternative event such as a slowdown of the rate of employment growth in Alberta. All such considerations have been swept under the carpet. But on top of all these considerations, one ...
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... management and a life-cycle approach, which depends on the employee’s time horizon for retiring. The Pension Reform Act went a stage further by making the life-cycle approach systematic. It brought in rules for protecting savings, meaning that every PERCO now has to allocate savings in such as way a ...
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Economics 302
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Insert Title - Nom d'un Dieu
Insert Title - Nom d'un Dieu

... growth rate of the economy is . • If this structural growth rate of the economy moves down for one reason or another, and if the central bank does not adjust downwards the short rates target, then the economy will move, over time, into a deflation-depression… • The same is true on the other side if ...
Insert Title
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... growth rate of the economy is . • If this structural growth rate of the economy moves down for one reason or another, and if the central bank does not adjust downwards the short rates target, then the economy will move, over time, into a deflation-depression… • The same is true on the other side if ...
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... He continues to wait on her as before (but as a husband rather than as a wage earner). She earns $1,000,000 per year both before and after her marriage. The marriage: A) does not change GDP. B) decreases GDP by $60,000. C) increases GDP by $60,000. D) increases GDP by more than $60,000. 29. A woman ...
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This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... Bureau of Economic Research

... Without legislative action or public debate, effective tax rates on capital income of different types have been raised dramatically in the last decade. This process of raising the effective tax rate on capital income is hard for the public at large or even for most members of Congress to understand. ...
Fiscal Consolidation Strategy
Fiscal Consolidation Strategy

... share of GDP. Because the U.S. federal budget was close to balance before the crisis, (the federal deficit was only 1.3 percent of gdp in 2007) this strategy would mitigate the size of any tax rate increase. Hence, relative to the current policy baseline, long-run tax rates would be lower under this ...
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... natural resource sectors combined, our mid-point estimate is that their global gross value added (GVA) could almost double from around $8.8 trillion in 2008 to just over $17 trillion in 2050 (at constant 2008 prices). Their share of total world GDP would, however, be projected to decline from 14.6% ...
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INTRODUCTION

... institutional units that take place by mutual agreement. They are classified as revenue, expense, net acquisitions of nonfinancial assets, net acquisitions of financial assets, or net incurrences of liabilities. The Statement of Other Economic Flows summarizes changes in the value of assets and liab ...
From Stimulus to Consolidation: Revenue and Expenditure
From Stimulus to Consolidation: Revenue and Expenditure

... government debt in advanced countries would rise 36 percentage points of GDP during 2007–14, and that age-related spending (health and pension) would rise rapidly later, further adding to fiscal pressures. Trends are more favorable in emerging economies, but adjustments are needed there too. The con ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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