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Econ 102 - UM Personal World Wide Web Server
Econ 102 - UM Personal World Wide Web Server

... get the price or wage from the United States. If that is not possible, try to get some idea of what the price would have been, at the time, in U.S. dollars.) I can’t ask my parents, but then I don’t need to. I can remember, for example, that when I was a kid in, say, 1956 (to keep it not much more t ...
Measuring the Stance of Monetary Policy on and off the Zero Lower
Measuring the Stance of Monetary Policy on and off the Zero Lower

... However, our estimates of the shadow rate differ noticeably from those of Wu and Xia during the ZLB period. For the most part, these differences can be explained by our relaxed no-arbitrage restriction. For example, Chart 5 shows that our shadow rate estimates start to sharply increase in August 201 ...
Business Cycles, Unemployment, & Inflation
Business Cycles, Unemployment, & Inflation

... • Minimum wages - a government-mandated floor on the price of labor. • Unions - by bargaining for all a firm’s workers collectively (collective bargaining), unions can often win higher wages from employers than the market would have otherwise provided when workers bargained individually. • Efficienc ...
Practice Set #1 and Solutions
Practice Set #1 and Solutions

... gives rise to interest rates (and yield and returns etc.) that expresses the alternative use of money and thus resources over time. The simple outcome of this limited resource problem is that €100 can be put in a bank account, or invested otherwise, to an earn interest, which in over time builds up ...
Northrop Grumman Financial Security and Savings - corporate
Northrop Grumman Financial Security and Savings - corporate

... material misstatement. The Plan is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the cir ...
An Economy For the 1%
An Economy For the 1%

... Almost a third (30%) of rich Africans’ wealth – a total of $500bn – is held offshore in tax havens. It is estimated that this costs African countries $14bn a year in lost tax revenues. This is enough money to pay for healthcare that could save the lives of 4 million children and employ enough teache ...
A REVISED CLASSICAL MODEL OF GROWTH
A REVISED CLASSICAL MODEL OF GROWTH

... smaller ones. In this case, technical progress will be necessarily capital-using, the outputcapital relation will be declining. While capital-using technical progress involves the substitution of capital for different activities performed by labor, capital saving technical progress derives from the ...
FUNDAMENTALS OF HEALTHCARE FINANCE Online Appendix B
FUNDAMENTALS OF HEALTHCARE FINANCE Online Appendix B

... per dollar of assets or profit per dollar of revenue. At first blush, it might appear that there would be only a few profitability ratios. However, in the healthcare sector, especially in not-for-profit hospitals, there are many (perhaps too many) ways to measure ―profit.‖ For example, profit can be ...
Parkin-Bade Chapter 34
Parkin-Bade Chapter 34

... monetary base respond to the long-term average growth rate of real GDP and medium-term changes in the velocity of circulation of the monetary base. The rule is based on the quantity theory of money. The McCallum rule does not need an estimate of either the real interest rate or the output gap. The M ...
File - AP MACROECONOMICS
File - AP MACROECONOMICS

... Generational Effects of Fiscal Policy Under the existing Social Security laws, the federal government has an obligation to pay pensions and Medicare benefits on an already declared scale. To assess the full extent of the government’s obligations, economists use the concept of fiscal imbalance. ...
Synopsis - Beef Improvement Federation
Synopsis - Beef Improvement Federation

... Fewer than 10% of the beef cows in the United States are bred by artificial insemination (AI) each year. There are several reasons why AI isn’t used extensively, including the lack of adequate facilities and lack of knowledge concerning calculating costs and profits. Many producers don’t have adequa ...
Willem and the negative nominal interest rate
Willem and the negative nominal interest rate

... on interest rates was a problem that had only academic interest, and which never created real challenges for monetary policy. Inflation was a phenomenon that was of significant importance, whereby the nominal interest rates in most economies were at a level far above zero. Statistically, it was ther ...
Retrospective Sustainability
Retrospective Sustainability

... The optimal primary surplus -- and hence the optimal path of debt reduction -- will depend on the policy maker’s objective function – and ultimately will differ across countries according to specific circumstances in any country. 3. Our precautionary regimes will reduce the debt – not a novel policy ...
The Declining U.S. Saving Rate
The Declining U.S. Saving Rate

... • Changes in the saving rate over time mainly reflect changes in the net worth of households • The decline in net worth/disposable income from 6.3 in mid-2007 to 4.7 in early-2009 led households to save more • Households are in about the same position today that they were in the early 1990s; it woul ...
DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO Serie Economía  EPL AND CAPITAL-LABOR RATIOS
DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO Serie Economía EPL AND CAPITAL-LABOR RATIOS

... (r + λ)πj , that is, its marginal product (first term) net of the wage (second term) and the effect of this hiring on the wage of the other workers (third and fourth terms). The marginal revenue also takes into account the possibility that the marginal junior worker may become a senior at a rate λ. ...
Talking point - P
Talking point - P

... project equity or in debt, and either directly or through funds (both public and private). Moreover, the relatively long investment timeframe needed for the majority of infrastructure investments can act as a barrier to other investors, but is more palatable for pension schemes with their typically ...
Chapter 27
Chapter 27

... 6. The conclusion of adaptive expectations theory is that expansionary monetary and fiscal policies intended to reduce the unemployment rate are a. effective in the long-run. b. effective in the short-run. c. unnecessary and cause inflation in the long-run. d. necessary and reduce inflation in the ...
Data/hora: 01/05/2017 13:24:33 Provedor de dados: 31 País: United
Data/hora: 01/05/2017 13:24:33 Provedor de dados: 31 País: United

... priority locations. Finally, trading ratios for same-pollutant trades should be lower than those for cross-pollutant trades. Three separate trading currencies would be used to account for same-pollutant acid mine drainage trades: pounds of iron, aluminum, and manganese. There would be little uncerta ...
Document
Document

... After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Identify the basic requirements for an accounting ...
Lecture 11: Macro: Government Policy
Lecture 11: Macro: Government Policy

... – Late 70s, Fed tried to limit money, so banks created new forms of money (checking accounts) – Early 90s, Fed created more reserves, but banks were afraid to lend, so little new money created » Analogy: using monetary policy to try to stimulate economy is like pushing on a string--it is easier to s ...
Chapter 21
Chapter 21

... Sources of Unemployment People who become unemployed are • Job losers—people who are laid off from their jobs • Job leavers—people who voluntarily quit their jobs • Entrants and reentrants—people who have just left school or who are now looking for a job after a period out of the labor force. ...
paper - Institute for New Economic Thinking
paper - Institute for New Economic Thinking

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Methodology and results of the calculation of weighted average cost
Methodology and results of the calculation of weighted average cost

... developed capital markets and Lithuanian market risk premium. First of all risk premium of a country with a developed capital market is estimated. It is calculated using the difference between the return on investments into stock market return and risk free rate of return. There are three aspects to ...
Stein
Stein

... Cluster standard errors in brackets ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.1 Row 1. Difference between means. 2. F-value. 3. p-value ...
MEASURES TO CORRECT EXCESS AND DEFICIENT DEMAND  …
MEASURES TO CORRECT EXCESS AND DEFICIENT DEMAND …

... Excess Demand: -Import surplus policy may be adopted. When import increases, the excess domestic purchasing power may flow out to other countries which reduces the intensity of domestic demand. Deficient Demand:-Export surplus trade policy will be followed. Export of more commodities will boost up t ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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