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How to Create a Precision Current Source Using
How to Create a Precision Current Source Using

... Occasionally an application requires an adjustable current source (or sink) to control or bias another system function. Adjustment of such a current is only done once during the application's life, specifically during factory alignment/calibration. The present options for setting a current include h ...
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... → Of these four variables V1, V2, i1 and i2, two can be selected as independent variables and the remaining two can be expressed in terms of these independent variables. This leads to various two part parameters out of which the following three are more important. 1. Z – Parameters (or) Impedance pa ...
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... the unknowns!. It is easier to use as unknowns V1 , V2 , i1 , i2 , i3 and i4 as we now explain. The first unknowns called V1 and V2 are the voltage increments across the current sources I1 and I2 (measured in the same direction as the arrows in the current sources). The other unknowns are some “arti ...
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... The power factor for a balanced three-phase load is the ratio of active power to apparent power, P/S and the relationship between P, Q and S is the same as S2 = P2 + Q2 . Thus, reactive power Q can be calculated using the following equation: PREACTIVE (Q) = √ S2 - P2 Active power is measured with a ...
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... very small input current that is needed. • This can be achieved by inserting a high value resistor, R3 in the diagram, to ground as shown below. • The value of this may typically be 100 k ohms or more. If this resistor is not inserted the output of the operational amplifier will be driven into one o ...
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... (when neither the input voltages nor the output voltage are changing with time) due to transistor off-state leakage current IOFF, i.e. the current which flows when |VGS| = 0V and |VDS| is greater than zero. To reduce this “standby” power consumption, low IOFF is desirable. At the same time, high tra ...
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Switched-mode power supply



A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size and weight.Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight are required. They are, however, more complicated; their switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor power factor.
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