Pure exchange economies
... all prices are variable (we model complete economies) and we take into account interactions between agents (unlike ...
... all prices are variable (we model complete economies) and we take into account interactions between agents (unlike ...
POPULATION AGING, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME
... The effects of population aging on an economy lie in many aspects, and its mechanisms are complex. Many researchers have undertaken in-depth study from different perspectives, mainly focusing on five mechanisms: Cutler et al. (1990) studied labor force supply; Bloom et al. (2010); Fougere and Merett ...
... The effects of population aging on an economy lie in many aspects, and its mechanisms are complex. Many researchers have undertaken in-depth study from different perspectives, mainly focusing on five mechanisms: Cutler et al. (1990) studied labor force supply; Bloom et al. (2010); Fougere and Merett ...
The Fiscal Dimensions of Conflict and Reconstruction
... their cause. Historically, inter-state wars in today's developed countries led to investments in state capacities to tax, manage budgets, and issue debt—thereby converting informal ad hoc procedures into formal ones. For example, many of Portugal's fiscal institutions originated in the fifteenth cen ...
... their cause. Historically, inter-state wars in today's developed countries led to investments in state capacities to tax, manage budgets, and issue debt—thereby converting informal ad hoc procedures into formal ones. For example, many of Portugal's fiscal institutions originated in the fifteenth cen ...
Study Guide for Williamson Intermediate Macroeconomics, First
... index and is given by total current expenditures over total expenditures at base year prices and multiplies the result by 100. Both measures of inflation have problems that are addressed in the chapter. The income identity shown above can be used to derive measures of aggregate savings, wealth and c ...
... index and is given by total current expenditures over total expenditures at base year prices and multiplies the result by 100. Both measures of inflation have problems that are addressed in the chapter. The income identity shown above can be used to derive measures of aggregate savings, wealth and c ...
Activist Fiscal Policy to Stabilize Economic Activity
... First, there was concern that the policies, although adopted in February 2009, would be implemented only gradually, with much of the impact coming after the recession was over and the recovery underway. While the concern about policy lags is one of the standard criticisms of countercyclical fiscal p ...
... First, there was concern that the policies, although adopted in February 2009, would be implemented only gradually, with much of the impact coming after the recession was over and the recovery underway. While the concern about policy lags is one of the standard criticisms of countercyclical fiscal p ...
Poland`s policy mix: fiscal or monetary leadership?
... policy-maker (the follower) decides what to do in the light of that decision. This model appears to be a realistic description of the current policy-making arrangements in Poland. The government can downplay the inflationary consequences of its policy decisions: it sets the deficit and then the cent ...
... policy-maker (the follower) decides what to do in the light of that decision. This model appears to be a realistic description of the current policy-making arrangements in Poland. The government can downplay the inflationary consequences of its policy decisions: it sets the deficit and then the cent ...
How Richard Nixon Pressured Arthur Burns
... December 10, 1971 (Conversation No. 16-82) With fewer than eleven months until the election and four days until the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee, Burns and Nixon have a private telephone conversation. Burns states that “I wanted you to know that we lowered the discount rate . . ...
... December 10, 1971 (Conversation No. 16-82) With fewer than eleven months until the election and four days until the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee, Burns and Nixon have a private telephone conversation. Burns states that “I wanted you to know that we lowered the discount rate . . ...
$doc.title
... with both strong distribution and dynamic e®ects. The transition may imply the disappearance or the decline of incumbent ¯rms. Unemployment may increase for a while. Real wages may decrease before recovering, and so on. Understanding these dynamic and distribution e®ects is important, for at least t ...
... with both strong distribution and dynamic e®ects. The transition may imply the disappearance or the decline of incumbent ¯rms. Unemployment may increase for a while. Real wages may decrease before recovering, and so on. Understanding these dynamic and distribution e®ects is important, for at least t ...
How Worried Should We Be about Wagner, Baumol and Ageing?
... importance of man hours as a production factor. For some activities, typically those that require face to face human interaction, productivity increases are rare and difficult to achieve. While technological progress has increased output per hour worked substantially in the manufacturing industry, t ...
... importance of man hours as a production factor. For some activities, typically those that require face to face human interaction, productivity increases are rare and difficult to achieve. While technological progress has increased output per hour worked substantially in the manufacturing industry, t ...
8 the economy at full employment: the classical model
... increased as they searched for jobs. Frictional unemployment might have fallen in the 1980s as those workers aged. Twoearner households might increase search, because one member can afford to search longer if the other still has income. b) Unemployment compensation. The more generous unemployment co ...
... increased as they searched for jobs. Frictional unemployment might have fallen in the 1980s as those workers aged. Twoearner households might increase search, because one member can afford to search longer if the other still has income. b) Unemployment compensation. The more generous unemployment co ...
Low Female Labor Force Participation in the Gulf
... The model is also suitable to study how the effect of large oil rents on female labor force participation depends on how these rents are integrated in the economy. If households receive large transfers of income from the authorities, the effect may very well reduce the female labor force participati ...
... The model is also suitable to study how the effect of large oil rents on female labor force participation depends on how these rents are integrated in the economy. If households receive large transfers of income from the authorities, the effect may very well reduce the female labor force participati ...
Iran`s Economy: On the Background of the New Sanctions
... After the 80s, many of Iran’s private industries and commercial banks were taken over by state and half-state institutions. At present, even though agriculture, trade, small-scale mining, and other industrial areas belong to private companies, their activities remain weak in the country’s economy. O ...
... After the 80s, many of Iran’s private industries and commercial banks were taken over by state and half-state institutions. At present, even though agriculture, trade, small-scale mining, and other industrial areas belong to private companies, their activities remain weak in the country’s economy. O ...
Surprising Similarities: Recent Monetary Regimes of Small Economies Andrew K. Rose
... through this period of time (see Figure 1). While the number of inflation targeters is considerably smaller than those in other regimes, they are, on average, larger and richer. In 2011, inflation targeting countries represented some 20 percent of global output.14 By way of contrast, the more numero ...
... through this period of time (see Figure 1). While the number of inflation targeters is considerably smaller than those in other regimes, they are, on average, larger and richer. In 2011, inflation targeting countries represented some 20 percent of global output.14 By way of contrast, the more numero ...
From Kautilya`s The Arthashastra to modern economics
... role for the King in promoting economic growth. His economic model can be presented as in Figure 1. Elements of Kautilya’s growth model include production of goods and services, demand for goods and services, productivity, government policy, fiscal policy, price stability and monetary policy, trade, ...
... role for the King in promoting economic growth. His economic model can be presented as in Figure 1. Elements of Kautilya’s growth model include production of goods and services, demand for goods and services, productivity, government policy, fiscal policy, price stability and monetary policy, trade, ...
Lecture Three - the School of Economics and Finance
... The most important input to production is labor. We focus on the labor market in this chapter. We rst assume that the quantities of labor supplied and demanded are equal so that all labor resources are fully utilized, and later we introduce unemployment. ...
... The most important input to production is labor. We focus on the labor market in this chapter. We rst assume that the quantities of labor supplied and demanded are equal so that all labor resources are fully utilized, and later we introduce unemployment. ...
Chapter 4
... – Possible to redistribute income so that everyone gains from trade. – Those who gain from trade could compensate those who lose and still be better off themselves. – That everyone could gain from trade does not mean that they actually do – redistribution usually hard to implement. Copyright © 2012 ...
... – Possible to redistribute income so that everyone gains from trade. – Those who gain from trade could compensate those who lose and still be better off themselves. – That everyone could gain from trade does not mean that they actually do – redistribution usually hard to implement. Copyright © 2012 ...
Draft Country- Pilot Study on the Dominican Republic
... comparatively more fiscal revenue from each tourist compared to its peers, through consumption taxes, such as the room tax/VAT (figure 3). In a similar vein a low tax contribution is also the case for the Services Outsourcing sector, where almost all operations are in free zones (or have free-zone s ...
... comparatively more fiscal revenue from each tourist compared to its peers, through consumption taxes, such as the room tax/VAT (figure 3). In a similar vein a low tax contribution is also the case for the Services Outsourcing sector, where almost all operations are in free zones (or have free-zone s ...
... issues and more. The 2013 Budget sets out to address critical issues such as expenditure management, revenue mobilisation, infrastructure development, capacity building within key sectors including Oil and Gas as well as agriculture modernisation. Areas of focus for infrastructure expansion are road ...
Achieving full employment in the transition economies
... stabilization and growth; (ii) privatization and restructuring; and (iii) the labour market and the social security system. Performance under these three heads influences employment. First, stability in aggregate employment requires a stable overall balance between the production of goods and servic ...
... stabilization and growth; (ii) privatization and restructuring; and (iii) the labour market and the social security system. Performance under these three heads influences employment. First, stability in aggregate employment requires a stable overall balance between the production of goods and servic ...
The Ill Wind that Blows from Europe: Implications for Canada`s
... severe stresses on the common currency area. But even if a break-up of the eurozone is no longer imminent, the build-up of political and economic tensions does not appear to have eliminated the likelihood of a major economic downturn in that region. Effectively, I equate even a partial breakup of th ...
... severe stresses on the common currency area. But even if a break-up of the eurozone is no longer imminent, the build-up of political and economic tensions does not appear to have eliminated the likelihood of a major economic downturn in that region. Effectively, I equate even a partial breakup of th ...
GDP
... Household Production • Household production such as childcare, cleaning, and cooking is not typically paid for with money. However such contributions are real—if they were performed by a non-household-member, they would be paid for and counted in GDP. The Underground Economy • Buying and selling of ...
... Household Production • Household production such as childcare, cleaning, and cooking is not typically paid for with money. However such contributions are real—if they were performed by a non-household-member, they would be paid for and counted in GDP. The Underground Economy • Buying and selling of ...
8the economy at full employment: the classical model
... ♦ Job search — the activity of looking for an acceptable vacant job. The length of time spent searching increases when more young people enter the labor market; when unemployment compensation payments be come more generous; and when structural change in the economy increases. ♦ Job rationing — payin ...
... ♦ Job search — the activity of looking for an acceptable vacant job. The length of time spent searching increases when more young people enter the labor market; when unemployment compensation payments be come more generous; and when structural change in the economy increases. ♦ Job rationing — payin ...
Chapter I Economics and the Economy
... output to what it would have been in base year’s prices. Chapter 4.4 ...
... output to what it would have been in base year’s prices. Chapter 4.4 ...