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Nutritional Requirements of Horses
Nutritional Requirements of Horses

...  Water requirements depend largely on environment, amount of physical activity being performed, and nature of the feed.  Daily consumption by an adult horse typically is 1 gallon per 100 lbs of body weight a day. Therefore, a typical 1,000 lb horse will drink about 10 gallons of water a day.  Cle ...
NPN (Non-protein Nitrogen, Urea) Consumed by Horses
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X-ray Free-Electron Lasers – a bright future for structural biology
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Protein folding



Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil.Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids. This polypeptide lacks any stable (long-lasting) three-dimensional structure (the left hand side of the first figure). Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (the right hand side of the figure), known as the native state. The resulting three-dimensional structure is determined by the amino acid sequence (Anfinsen's dogma). Experiments beginning in the 1980s indicate the codon for an amino acid can also influence protein structure.The correct three-dimensional structure is essential to function, although some parts of functional proteins may remain unfolded, so that protein dynamics is important. Failure to fold into native structure generally produces inactive proteins, but in some instances misfolded proteins have modified or toxic functionality. Several neurodegenerative and other diseases are believed to result from the accumulation of amyloid fibrils formed by misfolded proteins. Many allergies are caused by incorrect folding of some proteins, because the immune system does not produce antibodies for certain protein structures.
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