• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Majorana and Condensed Matter Physics
Majorana and Condensed Matter Physics

Elektromagnetisme, noter og formelsamling
Elektromagnetisme, noter og formelsamling

Semiclassical approximations in wave mechanics
Semiclassical approximations in wave mechanics

Introduction to Differential Equations
Introduction to Differential Equations

9-6 Slope-Intercept Form
9-6 Slope-Intercept Form

The Stark effect in hydrogen
The Stark effect in hydrogen

Quantum-gravitational effects for inflationary perturbations and the
Quantum-gravitational effects for inflationary perturbations and the

Equations in One Variable I
Equations in One Variable I

Graph the direct variation equation
Graph the direct variation equation

Enabling single-mode behavior over large areas with photonic Dirac
Enabling single-mode behavior over large areas with photonic Dirac

... examples include ultralow-threshold lasers (25–27) and singlephoton sources (28, 29) based on PhC cavities]. The dependence of the β-factor on the particular electromagnetic environment in which the considered emitter is embedded can be elucidated by examining its link with the corresponding ^ ωÞ. F ...
Solutions to Exercises, Section 2.1
Solutions to Exercises, Section 2.1

... x−2 Multiplying both sides of this equation by x − 2 and then adding 1 gives the equation y = 4x − 7. Now we can find a number c such that the point (c, −19) is on the line given by the equation above. To do this, in the equation above replace x by c and y by −19, getting −19 = 4c − 7. Solving this e ...
Lectures on Atomic Physics
Lectures on Atomic Physics

... A(MHz) for states in Na (µI = 2.2176, I = 3/2) with experimental data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Contributions to the reduced matrix element of the electric dipole transition operator ωr in length-form and in velocity form for the 3s − 3p1/2 transition in Na ...
Mass-imbalanced Three-Body Systems in Two Dimensions
Mass-imbalanced Three-Body Systems in Two Dimensions

Lectures on Quantum Mechanics (nonlinear PDE point of view)
Lectures on Quantum Mechanics (nonlinear PDE point of view)

Non-Equilibrium Liouville and Wigner Equations: Moment Methods
Non-Equilibrium Liouville and Wigner Equations: Moment Methods

Use substitution to solve each system of equations. 1. y = x + 5 3x +
Use substitution to solve each system of equations. 1. y = x + 5 3x +

What is an Equation - TI Education
What is an Equation - TI Education

Paul A.M. Dirac`sThe Principles of Quantum Mechanics | SpringerLink
Paul A.M. Dirac`sThe Principles of Quantum Mechanics | SpringerLink

... stage, the tone, and much of the language of the quantum-mechanical revolution, was published three-quarters of a century ago in 1930.1 Abdus Salam and Eugene P. Wigner declared in their preface of a book commemorating Dirac’s seventieth birthday that: Posterity will rate Dirac [figure 1] as one of ...
Solving Two-Step Equations
Solving Two-Step Equations

Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes through
Write an equation in point-slope form for the line that passes through

Part 3: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Part 3: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Quantum Physics II, Lecture Notes 6
Quantum Physics II, Lecture Notes 6

EM genius and mystery
EM genius and mystery

Introduction to the Physical Properties of Graphene
Introduction to the Physical Properties of Graphene

4.3 Notes - Denton ISD
4.3 Notes - Denton ISD

< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... 46 >

Two-body Dirac equations

In quantum field theory, and in the significant subfields of quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics, the two-body Dirac equations (TBDE) of constraint dynamics provide a three-dimensional yet manifestly covariant reformulation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation for two spin-1/2 particles. Such a reformulation is necessary since without it, as shown by Nakanishi, the Bethe–Salpeter equation possesses negative-norm solutions arising from the presence of an essentially relativistic degree of freedom, the relative time. These ""ghost"" states have spoiled the naive interpretation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation as a quantum mechanical wave equation. The two-body Dirac equations of constraint dynamics rectify this flaw. The forms of these equations can not only be derived from quantum field theory they can also be derived purely in the context of Dirac's constraint dynamics and relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics. Their structures, unlike the more familiar two-body Dirac equation of Breit, which is a single equation, are that of two simultaneous quantum relativistic wave equations. A single two-body Dirac equation similar to the Breit equation can be derived from the TBDE. Unlike the Breit equation, it is manifestly covariant and free from the types of singularities that prevent a strictly nonperturbative treatment of the Breit equation.In applications of the TBDE to QED, the two particles interact by way of four-vector potentials derived from the field theoretic electromagnetic interactions between the two particles. In applications to QCD, the two particles interact by way of four-vector potentials and Lorentz invariant scalar interactions, derived in part from the field theoretic chromomagnetic interactions between the quarks and in part by phenomenological considerations. As with the Breit equation a sixteen-component spinor Ψ is used.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report