UNIT 7: Immunology and Vaccinology
... an animal will produce resistance to that specific agent. The animal is protected on a subsequent exposure to the same organism. There are various types of vaccines. 1. Live vaccine: live vaccine usually contain a live micro organism which has been weakened (attenuated) in some way, or a naturally o ...
... an animal will produce resistance to that specific agent. The animal is protected on a subsequent exposure to the same organism. There are various types of vaccines. 1. Live vaccine: live vaccine usually contain a live micro organism which has been weakened (attenuated) in some way, or a naturally o ...
Document
... Severe sacral ulcers, to protect skin Chronic urinary retention only if renal impairment Measurement of post-void volume (if bladders scan unavailable) ...
... Severe sacral ulcers, to protect skin Chronic urinary retention only if renal impairment Measurement of post-void volume (if bladders scan unavailable) ...
tetanus - Immunize Canada
... schedule for childhood immunizations in Canada. • Tetanus immunization is recommended for individuals of all ages, with booster shots every 10 years. ...
... schedule for childhood immunizations in Canada. • Tetanus immunization is recommended for individuals of all ages, with booster shots every 10 years. ...
Pertussis is a highly contagious infectious disease of the respiratory
... pertussis. Vaccine adapted strains showed polymorphisms in two proteins implicated in protective immunity: P.69 Prn and Ptx. The role of P.69 Prn in protective immunity has been well documented in both humans and in animal models. Furthermore, P.69 Prn is present in several of the currently most use ...
... pertussis. Vaccine adapted strains showed polymorphisms in two proteins implicated in protective immunity: P.69 Prn and Ptx. The role of P.69 Prn in protective immunity has been well documented in both humans and in animal models. Furthermore, P.69 Prn is present in several of the currently most use ...
Vertigo
... nystagmus, Hallpike test negative • Investigations: 1. Audiogram- low frequency SNHL 2. ECog- endolymphatic hydrops 3. Caloric testing- hypoactive labyrinth 4. MRI – to exclude acoustic neuroma ...
... nystagmus, Hallpike test negative • Investigations: 1. Audiogram- low frequency SNHL 2. ECog- endolymphatic hydrops 3. Caloric testing- hypoactive labyrinth 4. MRI – to exclude acoustic neuroma ...
Pathogenesis of Dengue viral infections
... Reduced or suboptimal antiviral responses are therefore also thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis in acute dengue infection.29 Severe clinical disease, which has even resulted in fatalities is known to occur during primary dengue viral infections in the absence of cross reactive antibodies ...
... Reduced or suboptimal antiviral responses are therefore also thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis in acute dengue infection.29 Severe clinical disease, which has even resulted in fatalities is known to occur during primary dengue viral infections in the absence of cross reactive antibodies ...
Chemotherapeutic effects on larval stages of - Arca
... Group 1: consisted of 25 mice that were not subjected to drug treatment, and served as untreated controls. Animals were sacrificed 40 days after cercarial exposure, when the worms were recovered from the portalmesenteric venous system by perfusion, according to Duvall and DeWitt8. Group 2: included ...
... Group 1: consisted of 25 mice that were not subjected to drug treatment, and served as untreated controls. Animals were sacrificed 40 days after cercarial exposure, when the worms were recovered from the portalmesenteric venous system by perfusion, according to Duvall and DeWitt8. Group 2: included ...
Viral evasion of intracellular DNA and RNA sensing
... also regulate innate immune sensing and the production of cytokines, thereby establishing an antiviral state. Cytokines and chemokines that are produced following the activation of PRR signals are also crucial for shaping an effective adaptive immune response. Viruses have evolved effective mechanis ...
... also regulate innate immune sensing and the production of cytokines, thereby establishing an antiviral state. Cytokines and chemokines that are produced following the activation of PRR signals are also crucial for shaping an effective adaptive immune response. Viruses have evolved effective mechanis ...
Immune function in sport and exercise
... incidence of infection in the weeks following the event. For example, several studies have described a substantially higher (two- to sixfold) frequency of self-reported symptoms of URTI in athletes who completed long-distance foot races compared with control runners who did not compete in the events ...
... incidence of infection in the weeks following the event. For example, several studies have described a substantially higher (two- to sixfold) frequency of self-reported symptoms of URTI in athletes who completed long-distance foot races compared with control runners who did not compete in the events ...
Zika update from ISDH
... ISDH assists in coordinating Zika virus testing based on CDC guidelines: ◦ Travelers to an area with Zika with any of the FRAC (fever, rash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis) symptoms up to 12 weeks after symptom onset ◦ Individuals with any of the FRAC symptoms who have had unprotected sex with someone w ...
... ISDH assists in coordinating Zika virus testing based on CDC guidelines: ◦ Travelers to an area with Zika with any of the FRAC (fever, rash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis) symptoms up to 12 weeks after symptom onset ◦ Individuals with any of the FRAC symptoms who have had unprotected sex with someone w ...
Immune response to human papillomavirus after
... Classical chronic viral infections, such as those caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV), share persistent viremia during the course of the infection. HBV primarily causes a systemic infection, while HSV causes both mucosal and systemic infection. The rapid presence of v ...
... Classical chronic viral infections, such as those caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV), share persistent viremia during the course of the infection. HBV primarily causes a systemic infection, while HSV causes both mucosal and systemic infection. The rapid presence of v ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... sample. All these GNB were screened and confirmed for ESBL production. We observed 39.5% GNB were ESBL producers, in our study. The similar percentage has been reported with Saeide et al., and Babek et al., which were, 44.5% & 42% respectively. But the lower percentage, 11.7% were ESBL producer in t ...
... sample. All these GNB were screened and confirmed for ESBL production. We observed 39.5% GNB were ESBL producers, in our study. The similar percentage has been reported with Saeide et al., and Babek et al., which were, 44.5% & 42% respectively. But the lower percentage, 11.7% were ESBL producer in t ...
Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus causing
... (34.7%)17.. This is because ours is a tertiary care hospital where patients had come after taking treatment in other primary and secondary health care centres . So they had developed resistance to many drugs.It was comparable to the study conducted by Shenoy MS et al were it was found to be around 6 ...
... (34.7%)17.. This is because ours is a tertiary care hospital where patients had come after taking treatment in other primary and secondary health care centres . So they had developed resistance to many drugs.It was comparable to the study conducted by Shenoy MS et al were it was found to be around 6 ...
Cholesteatoma
... Initially, the ear may drain fluid with a foul odor. As the cholesteatoma pouch or sac enlarges, it can cause a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear, along with hearing loss. An ache behind or in the ear, especially at night, may cause significant discomfort. Dizziness, or muscle weakness on o ...
... Initially, the ear may drain fluid with a foul odor. As the cholesteatoma pouch or sac enlarges, it can cause a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear, along with hearing loss. An ache behind or in the ear, especially at night, may cause significant discomfort. Dizziness, or muscle weakness on o ...
Understanding droplets produced by nebulisers and respiratory
... provides more information about respiratory droplets produced by healthy subjects. As expected, more small droplets were produced by the more violent activity of coughing. In an earlier paper, we have presented the results of a detailed full-scale experimental study on the interactions of breathin ...
... provides more information about respiratory droplets produced by healthy subjects. As expected, more small droplets were produced by the more violent activity of coughing. In an earlier paper, we have presented the results of a detailed full-scale experimental study on the interactions of breathin ...
Optic Nerve: It is, Opathy, and Edema
... o Hyperemic optic nerve with obscuration of the disc margins o Retinal blood vessels become tortuous and dilated o Pallor is most pronounced in the temporal area o Attenuation of retinal arteries o Non-glaucomatous cupping ...
... o Hyperemic optic nerve with obscuration of the disc margins o Retinal blood vessels become tortuous and dilated o Pallor is most pronounced in the temporal area o Attenuation of retinal arteries o Non-glaucomatous cupping ...
How to prescribe antibiotics: maybe it’s not as simple as
... Do patients need antibiotics? • Some bacterial infections do not need antibiotics e.g. urethral syndrome, gastroenteritis • Viruses do not respond to antibacterials! – However there are antivirals e.g. aciclovir, oseltamivir etc ...
... Do patients need antibiotics? • Some bacterial infections do not need antibiotics e.g. urethral syndrome, gastroenteritis • Viruses do not respond to antibacterials! – However there are antivirals e.g. aciclovir, oseltamivir etc ...
Vaccinations during pregnancy protect expectant mothers and their
... pertussis vaccine at least 7 days before delivery.2 This is due to the transfer of protective antibodies from the mother to her baby, which last until the baby is eligible for their first dose of pertussis vaccine at 6 weeks of age. As the level of protective antibodies from the vaccine declines ove ...
... pertussis vaccine at least 7 days before delivery.2 This is due to the transfer of protective antibodies from the mother to her baby, which last until the baby is eligible for their first dose of pertussis vaccine at 6 weeks of age. As the level of protective antibodies from the vaccine declines ove ...
Host Plant Resistance and the Spread of Plant
... killed quickly enough to prevent primary spread. Secondary spread by transient vectors would be prevented if they were killed or incapacitated before they had the opportunity to acquire the virus, move to another plant, and infect it with the virus. The probability of this occurring might be greates ...
... killed quickly enough to prevent primary spread. Secondary spread by transient vectors would be prevented if they were killed or incapacitated before they had the opportunity to acquire the virus, move to another plant, and infect it with the virus. The probability of this occurring might be greates ...
Measles - NSW Health
... days after the onset of rash. Where the prodrome is undefined, the onset of the infectious period should be considered to be 4 days before the onset of the rash. Clinical presentation and outcome The disease is characterised by a prodrome that usually lasts 2 to 4 days and includes fever, followed b ...
... days after the onset of rash. Where the prodrome is undefined, the onset of the infectious period should be considered to be 4 days before the onset of the rash. Clinical presentation and outcome The disease is characterised by a prodrome that usually lasts 2 to 4 days and includes fever, followed b ...
Different Manifestation of Brucellosis in Pregnancy: Case Reports
... Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which is endemic in some areas of Iran. The most common symptoms of brucellosis are fever, nightly sweating, chilling, myalgia, fatigue, back pain and arthralgia. Its misdiagnosis can lead to chronic psychological, physical and socioeconomical harms. Mismanagement o ...
... Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which is endemic in some areas of Iran. The most common symptoms of brucellosis are fever, nightly sweating, chilling, myalgia, fatigue, back pain and arthralgia. Its misdiagnosis can lead to chronic psychological, physical and socioeconomical harms. Mismanagement o ...
Avian Influenza: Armageddon or Hype?
... documented H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and/or humans AND Patients with pneumonia on CXR, ARDS, or other severe respiratory illness for which an etiology has not been established. ...
... documented H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and/or humans AND Patients with pneumonia on CXR, ARDS, or other severe respiratory illness for which an etiology has not been established. ...
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
... (Enterobacteriaceae) that were isolated from specimens in this study are similar to the findings of other studies carried out by different researches (9, 12, 18), studies carried out by Giacometti et al. (19) and Mahesh (20) reported Gram-positive cocci, especially S. aureus as predominant bacterial ...
... (Enterobacteriaceae) that were isolated from specimens in this study are similar to the findings of other studies carried out by different researches (9, 12, 18), studies carried out by Giacometti et al. (19) and Mahesh (20) reported Gram-positive cocci, especially S. aureus as predominant bacterial ...
Common cold
The common cold (also known as nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, head cold, or simply a cold) is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract which primarily affects the nose.Signs and symptoms include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, and fever which usually resolve in seven to ten days, with some symptoms lasting up to three weeks. Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of the common cold; the rhinoviruses are the most common.Upper respiratory tract infections are loosely divided by the areas they affect, with the common cold primarily affecting the nose, the throat (pharyngitis), and the sinuses (sinusitis), occasionally involving either or both eyes via conjunctivitis. Symptoms are mostly due to the body's immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves. The primary method of prevention is by hand washing with some evidence to support the effectiveness of wearing face masks. The common cold may occasionally lead to pneumonia, either viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.No cure for the common cold exists, but the symptoms can be treated. It is the most frequent infectious disease in humans with the average adult getting two to three colds a year and the average child getting between six and twelve. These infections have been with humanity since ancient times.