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2 H 2
2 H 2

... 1. For each reactant amount given, calculate the moles (or grams) of a product it could produce. ...
Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials
Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials

... The maximum energy product of a permanent magnet is determined by its “technical”, or extrinsic, magnetic properties as well as by its intrinsic properties. It may be optimized by tailoring structuresensitive magnetic properties such as the residual magnetic flux (remanence, BR ≡ MR) and the resista ...
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An introduction to lattice gauge theory and spin systems
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... in terms of quark confinement is derived. The energetics and phases of the model are discussed by evaluating the loop correlation function at weak coupling where Coulomb's law emerges and at strong coupling where a linear potential confines quarks. The timecontinuum formulation of the theory and the ...
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... in the end gives rise to magnets. The magnetic state of solids has found important applications in electronics, in particular for memory devices. An important field has emerged in the last two decades known as spintronics. Phenomena like giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance form th ...
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... 1.807 × 1024 atoms are present in the sample True. We know that for every 1 molecule of H2O, we have 2 atoms of H and 1 atom of O. So we every 1 molecule of H2O has 3 atoms. 3× (6.022 × 1023 molecules H 2O) = 1.807 × 1024 atoms ...
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... Self Consistent Born Approximation (SCBA), successfully used before to study the problem in question [4]. We find that our method gives a very similar result for the ground state, although it can be argued that it is both more dependable as well as more flexible, owing to the fact that it is a syste ...
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Geometrical frustration



In condensed matter physics, the term geometrical frustration (or in short: frustration) refers to a phenomenon, where atoms tend to stick to non-trivial positions or where, on a regular crystal lattice, conflicting inter-atomic forces (each one favoring rather simple, but different structures) lead to quite complex structures. As a consequence of the frustration in the geometry or in the forces, a plenitude of distinct ground states may result at zero temperature, and usual thermal ordering may be suppressed at higher temperatures. Much studied examples are amorphous materials, glasses, or dilute magnets.The term frustration, in the context of magnetic systems, has been introduced by Gerard Toulouse (1977). Indeed, frustrated magnetic systems had been studied even before. Early work includes a study of the Ising model on a triangular lattice with nearest-neighbor spins coupled antiferromagnetically, by G. H. Wannier, published in 1950. Related features occur in magnets with competing interactions, where both ferro- as well as antiferromagnetic couplings between pairs of spins or magnetic moments are present, with the type of interaction depending on the separation distance of the spins. In that case commensurability, such as helical spin arrangements may result, as had been discussed originally, especially, by A. Yoshimori, T. A. Kaplan, R. J. Elliott, and others, starting in 1959, to describe experimental findings on rare-earth metals. A renewed interest in such spin systems with frustrated or competing interactions arose about two decades later, beginning in the 70s of the 20th century, in the context of spin glasses and spatially modulated magnetic superstructures. In spin glasses, frustration is augmented by stochastic disorder in the interactions, as may occur, experimentally, in non-stoichiometric magnetic alloys. Carefully analyzed spin models with frustration include the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, describing spin glasses, and the ANNNI model, describing commensurability magnetic superstructures.
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