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Pre-operative prophylaxis shojaei
Pre-operative prophylaxis shojaei

... the predominant organisms include gram negative rods and enterococci in addition to skin flora ...
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE A Growing Threat
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE A Growing Threat

... Two main pathogens (germs) - bacteria and viruses - cause most infections. Since penicillin was made available to the public in the 1940's, antibiotics have been the cornerstone of infectious disease control and treatment. Antibiotics can only cure illnesses caused by bacteria ... they cannot kill v ...
Rhizopus spp - Microbiology
Rhizopus spp - Microbiology

... • The fungus benefits from the symbiosis but what benefit does the bacteria obtain? • How does the fungus acquire the symbiont? ...
Prokaryotic Organisms
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... some members of the Domain Archaea can utilize hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide which makes methane ...
Invasive Mucormycosis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Invasive Mucormycosis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

... Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic disorder that results from mutations in genes encoding the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase leading to defective generation of reactive oxygen species. This predisposes CGD patients to recurrent life-threatening ba ...
27. Minor Bacterial Pathogens
27. Minor Bacterial Pathogens

... found in soil and water and are rarely involved in human disease. ...
What are Healthcare Associated Infections?
What are Healthcare Associated Infections?

... 2. The nature of Healthcare Associated Infection (HCAI) 3. Factors that may increase susceptibility to infection 4. Individual responsibility to infection prevention & control 5. Where to find information, including legislation, national guidance and local policies 6. The role of hand hygiene in pre ...
Nosocomial Infections - University of Yeditepe Faculty of Medicine
Nosocomial Infections - University of Yeditepe Faculty of Medicine

... Up to 20% of skin-associated bacteria in skin appendages (hair follicles, sebaceous glands) & are not eliminated by topical antisepsis. Transection of these skin structures by surgical incision may carry the patient's resident bacteria deep into the wound and set the stage for subsequent infection. ...
Document
Document

... Enterobacteriacae, including Campylobacter and Chlamydia, are also causative agents of Reiter's syndrome. • Yersina pestis (the cause of "plague") will be considered separately with other zoonotic organisms. ...
Clinical microbiology
Clinical microbiology

... in the CSF, chemical determination of the total protein and glucose present in the fluid, and its cellular content. Because the total specimen frequently is only 1 to 2 ml., the sample must suffice for the haematology, chemistry, and microbiologic findings. Therefore, after the cell count, the CSF i ...
International journal of Medical Investigation Original article Hospital
International journal of Medical Investigation Original article Hospital

... our study is not valid due to the low number of these organisms. This article suggests that the prevalence of HAIs in ICUs of teaching hospitals in northern Iran is false low. These are needed attention that HAIs detection was based on clinical grounds in most of our cases; possibly missing patients ...
Bacterial Diseases
Bacterial Diseases

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IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... cardiovascular system eg. infective endocarditis, mycotic aneurysm, catheter associated bacteremia and extravascular i.e., those that result from bacteria entering the blood circulation through the lymphatic system from another site of infection. Other organisms such as fungi may also cause intravas ...
Feb 10 - Hoof Wraps Brands
Feb 10 - Hoof Wraps Brands

... A hoof abscess is a collection of dead material located within the white line or under the sole. Abscesses may be sterile (dead tissue only) or infected with bacteria. They occur in the tissue at the junction of the sensitive (live) and insensitive (dead, hoof wall or sole) laminae. Unless there has ...
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Inflammatory mediator response to Gram-positive and

... To investigate the response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infection, middle ear fluid was collected from children with acute otitis media (AOM) and from children with longstanding secretory otitis media (SOM). In SOM, Gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent than in AOM. Further, fl ...
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... hepatitis C infection causes only minor symptoms, but the hepatitis C virus often establishes chronic infection with sinister consequences. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplified prevalence of hepatitis C infection in y ...
microbiology exam ii - Medical Mastermind Community
microbiology exam ii - Medical Mastermind Community

... 40. _____ Phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus is used to investigate outbreaks of impetigo. 41. _____ A sputum specimen acceptable for bacterial culture usually contains more neutrophils than squamous cells. 42. _____ Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in males. 43. _____ Differentiation ...
C. diphtheriae
C. diphtheriae

... spread of the bacteria are critically important in pathogenesis and, therefore, cellular immunity is more important than humoral immunity in host defense against this organism. ...
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections - Hatzalah of Miami-Dade
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections - Hatzalah of Miami-Dade

... Noncompliance with medication and follow-up visits Purpuric or petechial rash, numbness at skin surface, or impaired tendon or nerve function shock or disseminated intravascular coagulation Signs and symptoms suggestive of bacteremia Total WBC < 1000 / uL medslides.com 11 ...
Bacteria Oxygen Requirements
Bacteria Oxygen Requirements

... Ability of anaerobes to tolerate oxygen or grow in its presence varies from species to species. Most anaerobic clinical isolates are moderately obligate anaerobes, and have small amount of both catalase and superoxide dismutase. ...
S. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

... • Prevalent cause of meningitis; sporadic or epidemic • Human reservoir – nasopharynx; 3-30% of adult population; higher in institutional settings • High risk individuals are those living in close quarters, children 6 months-3 years, children and young adults ...
Bacteremia and Sepsis - University of Yeditepe Faculty of
Bacteremia and Sepsis - University of Yeditepe Faculty of

... Now terms are used to explain systemic response to infection according to the severity:  Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS)  Septic shock  Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) ...
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis

... – Biovars - C. trachomatis has a limited host range and only infects ...
Streptococcus
Streptococcus

... Facultative anaerobe Gram-positive usually chains (sometimes pairs) Catalase negative Non motile Hemolysins Lancefield Groups (C-carbohydrate in cell wall) 18 antigens ...
CHLAMYDIA and CHLAMYDOPHILA
CHLAMYDIA and CHLAMYDOPHILA

... (walking pneumonia) similar to those caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumoniae. In addition it can cause a pharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis and possibly atherosclerosis. The organism was originally called the TWAR strain from the names of the two original isolates - Taiwan (TW-183) ...
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Anaerobic infection

Anaerobic infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria do not grow on solid media in room air (0.04% carbon dioxide and 21% oxygen); facultative anaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence as well as in the absence of air. Microaerophilic bacteria do not grow at all aerobically or grow poorly, but grow better under 10% carbon dioxide or anaerobically. Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5% oxygen and moderate anaerobic bacteria that are able of growing between 2 to 8% oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate superoxide dismutase which protects them from oxygen.The clinically important anaerobes in decreasing frequency are: 1. Six genera of Gram-negative rods (Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Bilophila and Sutterella spp.);2. Gram-positive cocci (primarily Peptostreptococcus spp.); 3. Gram-positive spore-forming (Clostridium spp.) and nonspore-forming bacilli (Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp.); and 4. Gram-negative cocci (mainly Veillonella spp.) .The frequency of isolation of anaerobic bacterial strains varies in different infectious sites. Mixed infections caused by numerous aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are often observed in clinical situations.Anaerobic bacteria are a common cause of infections, some of which can be serious and life-threatening. Because anaerobes are the predominant components of the skin's and mucous membranes normal flora, they are a common cause infections of endogenous origin. Because of their fastidious nature, anaerobes are hard to isolate and are often not recovered from infected sites. The administration of delayed or inappropriate therapy against these organisms may lead to failures in eradication of these infections. The isolation of anaerobic bacteria requires adequate methods for collection, transportation and cultivation of clinical specimens. The management of anaerobic infection is often difficult because of the slow growth of anaerobic organisms, which can delay their identification by the frequent polymicrobial nature of these infections and by the increasing resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobials.
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