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Induction
Induction

... P (n + 1) for all n. We prove (b) by contradiction. Suppose P (n) is not true for all n ∈ N. Set E = {n | P (n) is false}. Then E = ∅ and is a subset of the natural numbers. By the well-ordering property there is a least such n which we label n0 . Since P (1) is true, n0 > 1. By construction, P (n0 ...
From highly composite numbers to transcendental
From highly composite numbers to transcendental

Subalgebras of the free Heyting algebra on one generator
Subalgebras of the free Heyting algebra on one generator

Introduction to the Theory of Computation
Introduction to the Theory of Computation

1.1 The Real Number System
1.1 The Real Number System

An introduction to Ramsey theory
An introduction to Ramsey theory

Teacher`s guide
Teacher`s guide

Temporal Here and There - Computational Cognition Lab
Temporal Here and There - Computational Cognition Lab

A new applied approach for executing computations with infinite and
A new applied approach for executing computations with infinite and

the origins of the genus concept in quadratic forms
the origins of the genus concept in quadratic forms

Intuitionistic modal logic made explicit
Intuitionistic modal logic made explicit

Chapter 1 Elementary Number Theory
Chapter 1 Elementary Number Theory

22 January 2013 The Queen of Mathematics Professor Raymond
22 January 2013 The Queen of Mathematics Professor Raymond

Second Proof: Every Positive Integer is a Frobenius
Second Proof: Every Positive Integer is a Frobenius

1. Problems and Results in Number Theory
1. Problems and Results in Number Theory

The Arithmetic Derivative and Antiderivative
The Arithmetic Derivative and Antiderivative

Algebraic Proof Systems
Algebraic Proof Systems

7•2  Lesson 1 Lesson Summary
7•2 Lesson 1 Lesson Summary

... arrow at −1 and locating the head of the arrow 4.3 units to the right to arrive at the sum, which is 3.3. To model the difference of two rational numbers on a number line (for example, −5.7 − 3), first rewrite the difference as a sum, −5.7 + (−3), and then follow the steps for locating a sum. Place ...
series with non-zero central critical value
series with non-zero central critical value

Complex Numbers - Mathematical Institute Course Management BETA
Complex Numbers - Mathematical Institute Course Management BETA

Construction of regular polygons
Construction of regular polygons

Grade Six Advanced Mathematics Curriculum Map Unit 1 – Module 1
Grade Six Advanced Mathematics Curriculum Map Unit 1 – Module 1

... depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. ...
Algebraic Numbers - Harvard Mathematics Department
Algebraic Numbers - Harvard Mathematics Department

A Proof Theory for Generic Judgments
A Proof Theory for Generic Judgments

... intended as variables to be substituted. This enrichment to proof theory (discussed here in Section 4) holds promise for providing proof systems for the direct reasoning of logic specifications (see, for example, the above mentioned papers as well as [McDowell and Miller 2002; McDowell et al. 2003]) ...
Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic

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Foundations of mathematics

Foundations of mathematics is the study of the logical and philosophical basis of mathematics, or, in a broader sense, the mathematical investigation of what underlies the philosophical theories concerning the nature of mathematics. In this latter sense, the distinction between foundations of mathematics and philosophy of mathematics turns out to be quite vague. Foundations of mathematics can be conceived as the study of the basic mathematical concepts (number, geometrical figure, set, function, etc.) and how they form hierarchies of more complex structures and concepts, especially the fundamentally important structures that form the language of mathematics (formulas, theories and their models giving a meaning to formulas, definitions, proofs, algorithms, etc.) also called metamathematical concepts, with an eye to the philosophical aspects and the unity of mathematics. The search for foundations of mathematics is a central question of the philosophy of mathematics; the abstract nature of mathematical objects presents special philosophical challenges.The foundations of mathematics as a whole does not aim to contain the foundations of every mathematical topic.Generally, the foundations of a field of study refers to a more-or-less systematic analysis of its most basic or fundamental concepts, its conceptual unity and its natural ordering or hierarchy of concepts, which may help to connect it with the rest of human knowledge. The development, emergence and clarification of the foundations can come late in the history of a field, and may not be viewed by everyone as its most interesting part.Mathematics always played a special role in scientific thought, serving since ancient times as a model of truth and rigor for rational inquiry, and giving tools or even a foundation for other sciences (especially physics). Mathematics' many developments towards higher abstractions in the 19th century brought new challenges and paradoxes, urging for a deeper and more systematic examination of the nature and criteria of mathematical truth, as well as a unification of the diverse branches of mathematics into a coherent whole.The systematic search for the foundations of mathematics started at the end of the 19th century and formed a new mathematical discipline called mathematical logic, with strong links to theoretical computer science.It went through a series of crises with paradoxical results, until the discoveries stabilized during the 20th century as a large and coherent body of mathematical knowledge with several aspects or components (set theory, model theory, proof theory, etc.), whose detailed properties and possible variants are still an active research field.Its high level of technical sophistication inspired many philosophers to conjecture that it can serve as a model or pattern for the foundations of other sciences.
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