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AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sevoke Road
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sevoke Road

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plasma ionization by helicon waves
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... problem will be given in a separate paper by Chen.  Indeed, the TE helicon mode resembles the TM electromagnetic mode. This shows the importance of the space charge field in helicon waves. ...
The Electric Field
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... Thus, the neutral object will be left with a charge opposite to the initially charged object. The initial object will not lose any charge the extra charge comes from the ground. As long as the ground is disconnected before the initial object is removed, the neutral object will gain charge. If the gr ...
MIT OpenCourseWare  Electromechanical Dynamics
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CH21-revision - University of Southampton

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... to be the image of a similarity transformation of ∆ABC. A similarity transformation of a Euclidean space is a function from the space into itself that multiplies all distances by the same scalar (Wikipedia, 2005). Thus, we can consider similarity transformations to be mappings of the form F(x, y) = ...
Canonical Transformations in Quantum Mechanics
Canonical Transformations in Quantum Mechanics

Perturbation theory for anisotropic dielectric interfaces, and
Perturbation theory for anisotropic dielectric interfaces, and

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Topic #19: Static Electricity and The Electric Field

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The Ferromagnetic Spin Filter - ETH E

... involving spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction [10] electron-energy-loss spectroscopy [11] pointed towards a spin-dependent scattering as well. In addition, the polarization enhancement at low energies in spin-polarized secondary electron spectroscopy [12-14] is understood in terms of spin ...
Physics Now
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CfE Advanced Higher Physics Unit 2: Quanta and

... Towards the end of the 19th century, physical phenomena were described in terms of "classical" theory, as either particles or waves. However, some new discoveries (such as the photoelectric effect) could not be explained using classical theory. As we have seen, such phenomena required a theory that ...
Ch01 - lmn.pub.ro
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... in free space (in vacuum) is acted upon by a force, which is supplementary with respect to known mechanical or thermal forces. Such a force is called electric force, and the objects subjected to such forces have to be in a new state, named electrification state, distinct from previously known mechan ...
ELECTROSTATICS
ELECTROSTATICS

... Find the work that must be done by an external agent on the second particle in order to increase the radius of the circle of motion to R2. ...
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Ferroelectrics from first principles Tips, tricks and pitfalls

... antipolar X5 mode contribution, in complete contrast to the eigendisplacements (η) of the FE unstable mode for t case of perovskite oxides [12]. of NaBF3 compounds, again comparing with BaTi To understand the differences that we have found between In all fluoride cases, we find a strong A-site cont ...
CfE Advanced Higher Physics Unit 2: Quanta and Waves
CfE Advanced Higher Physics Unit 2: Quanta and Waves

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Lecture notes - Theoretical Physics

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Abstracts_Advanced_Workshop_Sibiu_2009

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INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE AND PLASMA

Helimagnetic structure of YMn2 observed by means of nuclear
Helimagnetic structure of YMn2 observed by means of nuclear

... modulation of the helix. Furthermore, an exactly intermediate spectrum was also reported by other authors [14, 15]. Thus, there have been appreciable differences in the experimental results, although earlier workers have treated them as the principal information for determining the spin direction. T ...
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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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