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Properties
Properties

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Ch33 - Siena College
Ch33 - Siena College

... was the first to understand that light is an oscillation of the electromagnetic field. Maxwell was able to predict that • Electromagnetic waves can exist at any frequency, not just at the frequencies of visible light. This prediction was the harbinger of radio waves. • All electromagnetic waves trav ...
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... that light and subatomic particles had something in common – wave properties. This led Schrodinger, in particular, to wonder whether equations used to describe light waves could be modified to describe the behaviour of electrons. This led to quantum mechanics and a probabilistic description of the b ...
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... 1. Two charges of +2q and −5q are placed on a line. The distance between the two charges is d. (a) There is a point on the line where the strength of the electric field due to the two charges is zero. Describe where the point is, relative to the positions of the two charges. (b) Is there any point n ...
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Document

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Basics of electrodynamics

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PX430: Gauge Theories for Particle Physics

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Problem Sheet 8

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Physics 431: Electricity and Magnetism

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Atomic and Molecular Physics for Physicists Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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