• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
7_1_Zero Field Splitting
7_1_Zero Field Splitting

Special Relativity
Special Relativity

... b) The Doppler Effect Consider two reference frames, S and S', with obersevers O and O' respectivley. S' is moving away from S in the positive x direction at a velocity v. A point P exists in S'. Electromagnetic waves are emitted by P. To observer O these waves have the form, sin(k(x-ct)) to observe ...
Semester Review for Physics
Semester Review for Physics

... index of refraction to one with a lower index of refraction. If the angle of incidence of a ray is greater than the critical angle, the ray is totally reflected at the boundary • Mirages and the visibility of the sun after it has physically set are natural phenomena that can be attributed to the ref ...
PPT - LSU Physics
PPT - LSU Physics

... ground on the balls of your feet, with your feet close together. Place your hands on your knees, with your head between them. Be the smallest target possible, and minimize your contact with the ground. ...
2.5 Calculating the Electronic Energy Levels of Rare Earth Ions
2.5 Calculating the Electronic Energy Levels of Rare Earth Ions

... For atoms with a low atomic number, the effect of H2 is low, and thus H2 < H1. For atoms with a high atomic number, the effect of spin–orbit coupling is greater than the Coulombic interaction between the outer electrons [see Eqs. (2.35) and (2.36) for more details]. In this case, there is a coupling ...
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation of the Maxwell
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation of the Maxwell

Problem solving; Coulomb's Law
Problem solving; Coulomb's Law

Grade 12 Physics ISU independent study unit new book Word
Grade 12 Physics ISU independent study unit new book Word

... 1. Read p320 to321 What subatomic particles are the basic units of charge? What is the law of electric charges? What does +e and -e stand for? P320 If an object has equal numbers of protons and electrons, what is its total charge? If an object has too many or an excess of electrons to balance the #p ...
13-QuantumMechanics
13-QuantumMechanics

Physics 1161 Lecture 2 Electric Fields
Physics 1161 Lecture 2 Electric Fields

Exam 2 Physics 195B (3/14/02)
Exam 2 Physics 195B (3/14/02)

Motors and Generators
Motors and Generators

... plan, choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to predict and verify the effect on a generated electric current when: the distance between the coil and magnet is varied the strength of the magnet is varied the relative motion between the coil and magnet is varied ...
1 Lesson 5 (1) Electric Field of a Line Charge Consider a long thin r
1 Lesson 5 (1) Electric Field of a Line Charge Consider a long thin r

... For  a  circular  ring  of  radius   a  with  uniform  line  charge  density   ! ,  the  electric  field   at  a  point  on  the  axis  can  be  calculated  easily,  because  the  point  is  at  equal  distance   from  all  the ...
Physics 1161 Lecture 2 Electric Fields
Physics 1161 Lecture 2 Electric Fields

... • Electric Force (F) - the actual force felt by a charge at some location. • Electric Field (E) - found for a location only – tells what the electric force would be if a charge were located there: ...
Ch. 34 Clicker Questions . View as
Ch. 34 Clicker Questions . View as

... A plane electromagnetic wave with a single frequency moves in vacuum in the positive x direction. Its amplitude is uniform over the yz plane. (i) As the wave moves, the amplitude of its magnetic field: ...
symmetry-year-2-the-woods - Pembrokeshire Outdoor Schools
symmetry-year-2-the-woods - Pembrokeshire Outdoor Schools

... symmetry (with a stick, leaves pebbles etc.).  Once this is done ask them to collect a variety of natural objects, and display on both sides of the line to show a symmetrical picture.  Convince me the pattern you have made has one line of symmetry (use mirrors with the children to check).  Take p ...
Quantum Hall effect
Quantum Hall effect

Electric Field and Electric Potential
Electric Field and Electric Potential

... What is test Charge? ...
Chapter 5 Strong Field Approximation (SFA)
Chapter 5 Strong Field Approximation (SFA)

... the detector, one has to make the substitution p → p − A(Tp ) (see Milošević et al. in [34]). This particular choice would make the first order BT term to be non-zero, as opposite to the more convenient choice A(Tp ) = 0. ...
Very brief introduction to Conformal Field Theory
Very brief introduction to Conformal Field Theory

Uniform electric fields
Uniform electric fields

wu.pdf
wu.pdf

This article was downloaded by:[Michigan State University Libraries]
This article was downloaded by:[Michigan State University Libraries]

• - cloudfront.net
• - cloudfront.net

Boltzmann Relation.pdf
Boltzmann Relation.pdf

... At this point, we need to deal with some of the bulk motions that occur in plasmas. These are not single particle motions but rather collective motion of all/most of the charge species in the plasma. The first, and most important is the electrostatic plasma oscillation, giving rise to the plasma fre ...
< 1 ... 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 ... 338 >

Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report