Globalization`s effects on world agricultural trade, 1960–2050
... The lowered cost of moving products and people was dominated, in the middle half of the twentieth century, by the falling cost of motor vehicle and aeroplane transportation, thanks to mass production of such goods and associated services. Ocean freight rates (helped by containerization) and telephon ...
... The lowered cost of moving products and people was dominated, in the middle half of the twentieth century, by the falling cost of motor vehicle and aeroplane transportation, thanks to mass production of such goods and associated services. Ocean freight rates (helped by containerization) and telephon ...
Chapter 5
... • Effects of international transfers of income • Effects of import tariffs and export subsidies • Income distribution ...
... • Effects of international transfers of income • Effects of import tariffs and export subsidies • Income distribution ...
Chapter 5
... • Effects of international transfers of income • Effects of import tariffs and export subsidies • Income distribution ...
... • Effects of international transfers of income • Effects of import tariffs and export subsidies • Income distribution ...
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... (PGM) and the anti-GM group (AGM), in the political game. Both of them aim to maximize the welfare of their own group by lobbying with the government to influence the agricultural biotechnology policy. Interest groups in each country make contributions to influence the government’s decision. The con ...
... (PGM) and the anti-GM group (AGM), in the political game. Both of them aim to maximize the welfare of their own group by lobbying with the government to influence the agricultural biotechnology policy. Interest groups in each country make contributions to influence the government’s decision. The con ...
MERCOSUR
... consists of South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland, the so-called ‘BLNS’ countries. Mercosur comprises Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. This was the first agreement that SACU concluded with another developing regional economic entity after the 2002 SACU agreement. Later the S ...
... consists of South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland, the so-called ‘BLNS’ countries. Mercosur comprises Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. This was the first agreement that SACU concluded with another developing regional economic entity after the 2002 SACU agreement. Later the S ...
krugman_PPT_c05
... Ricardian model and the Heckscher-Ohlin model. 1. Differences in labor services, labor skills, physical capital, land, and technology between countries cause productive differences, leading to gains from trade. 2. These productive differences are represented as differences in production possibility ...
... Ricardian model and the Heckscher-Ohlin model. 1. Differences in labor services, labor skills, physical capital, land, and technology between countries cause productive differences, leading to gains from trade. 2. These productive differences are represented as differences in production possibility ...
Idea Flows, Economic Growth, and Trade
... in the general case is not a possibility, so we continue with numerical results. In Section 5 we carry out some quantitative explorations to illustrate the effects of trade costs on income levels and growth rates. We calculate equilibrium paths for a symmetric world economy under different trade pa ...
... in the general case is not a possibility, so we continue with numerical results. In Section 5 we carry out some quantitative explorations to illustrate the effects of trade costs on income levels and growth rates. We calculate equilibrium paths for a symmetric world economy under different trade pa ...
Product Differentiation, and the Composition of Trade Across
... gravity-type trade, between similar nations. This gives rise to two independent welfare-improving effects of foreign trade. First, like gravity models, trade increases the number of differentiated varieties. Second, like neoclassical models, trade induces production reallocation, which lowers the re ...
... gravity-type trade, between similar nations. This gives rise to two independent welfare-improving effects of foreign trade. First, like gravity models, trade increases the number of differentiated varieties. Second, like neoclassical models, trade induces production reallocation, which lowers the re ...
Crises and the Collapse of World Trade: The Shift to Lower
... world trade during the crisis that started in 2007. First, the availability of trade finance instruments such as letters of credit may be a source of trade collapse. Indeed, exporting and importing firms typically make use of such instruments to insure against the risk of payment, with the assistanc ...
... world trade during the crisis that started in 2007. First, the availability of trade finance instruments such as letters of credit may be a source of trade collapse. Indeed, exporting and importing firms typically make use of such instruments to insure against the risk of payment, with the assistanc ...
New Open Economy Macroeconomics
... the inward-looking policy is optimal or not, especially when the shocks generated in other parts of the world can easily transmit effects to the domestic economic environment. The short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment, for example, becomes more obscure in the open environment leadin ...
... the inward-looking policy is optimal or not, especially when the shocks generated in other parts of the world can easily transmit effects to the domestic economic environment. The short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment, for example, becomes more obscure in the open environment leadin ...
The German economy in the international division of
... The German economy in the international division of labour: a look at value added flows The German economy has continued to open up over the past 20 years in the wake of advancing globalisation. German enterprises have used the opportunities that have been presented by central and east European cou ...
... The German economy in the international division of labour: a look at value added flows The German economy has continued to open up over the past 20 years in the wake of advancing globalisation. German enterprises have used the opportunities that have been presented by central and east European cou ...
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... Grossman and Helpman (1995) describe a bilateral FTA negotiation and discuss the economic conditions of an FTA equilibrium outcome. Levy (1993) studies the interaction between multi-and bilateral FTA negotiations. He finds that bilateral negotiations can undermine political support for multilateral ...
... Grossman and Helpman (1995) describe a bilateral FTA negotiation and discuss the economic conditions of an FTA equilibrium outcome. Levy (1993) studies the interaction between multi-and bilateral FTA negotiations. He finds that bilateral negotiations can undermine political support for multilateral ...
The Rybczynski theorem
... - US imports (or, rather, US substitutes to imports) are more capital intensive K /L = 18,184 $/person-year Contradicts the theory of comparative advantage ...
... - US imports (or, rather, US substitutes to imports) are more capital intensive K /L = 18,184 $/person-year Contradicts the theory of comparative advantage ...
inline - Belgian Biodiversity Platform
... and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of pests. 181 countries are participating at the moment ISPM No. 15 “Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade” (IPPC (FAO)) from 2003 and onwards: “All wood packaging material for international trade must be debarked, then ...
... and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of pests. 181 countries are participating at the moment ISPM No. 15 “Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade” (IPPC (FAO)) from 2003 and onwards: “All wood packaging material for international trade must be debarked, then ...
Tariff wars in the Ricardian Model with a continuum of goods
... related to an appropriately defined import demand elasticity of the other country. Tariffs can thus be interpreted as optimum markups on export goods. A higher foreign elasticity of substitution among goods increases the foreign import demand elasticity and hence reduces optimum tariff rates. I prove ...
... related to an appropriately defined import demand elasticity of the other country. Tariffs can thus be interpreted as optimum markups on export goods. A higher foreign elasticity of substitution among goods increases the foreign import demand elasticity and hence reduces optimum tariff rates. I prove ...
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... This article surveys the recent contribution of trade theories and growth theories in evaluating and explaining agricultural specialisation and trade patterns. The purpose of this article is, ¢rst, to review the main determinants of international trade as identi¢ed by the major trade theories, and s ...
... This article surveys the recent contribution of trade theories and growth theories in evaluating and explaining agricultural specialisation and trade patterns. The purpose of this article is, ¢rst, to review the main determinants of international trade as identi¢ed by the major trade theories, and s ...
Chap04
... Increased exports leads to inflation and higher prices. Increased imports lead to lower prices. Result: Country A sells less because of high prices and Country B sells more because of lower prices. In the long run, no one can keep a trade surplus. ...
... Increased exports leads to inflation and higher prices. Increased imports lead to lower prices. Result: Country A sells less because of high prices and Country B sells more because of lower prices. In the long run, no one can keep a trade surplus. ...
The Home Market Effect and Bilateral Trade Patterns
... using a difference-in-difference gravity specification that controls for import tariffs, importingcountry remoteness, home bias in demand, and the tendency for large countries to export more of all goods. We find strong evidence of home-market effects whose intensity varies across industries in a ma ...
... using a difference-in-difference gravity specification that controls for import tariffs, importingcountry remoteness, home bias in demand, and the tendency for large countries to export more of all goods. We find strong evidence of home-market effects whose intensity varies across industries in a ma ...
Economic Growth - Brown University
... This widening of the cross-country income distribution seems to have slowed during the second half of the twentieth century, at least among a large group of nations. Indeed, Figure 1, which is drawn on a proportional scale, shows that with the acceleration of growth in Asia there has been a narrowin ...
... This widening of the cross-country income distribution seems to have slowed during the second half of the twentieth century, at least among a large group of nations. Indeed, Figure 1, which is drawn on a proportional scale, shows that with the acceleration of growth in Asia there has been a narrowin ...
Template for Structural Economic Statistics
... Automated programs and detailed user guide allowing users to perform there own revisions analysis for any country / variable combination available in the database Information on reasons for revisions and references to international recommendations for establishing revisions analysis policies (IMF SD ...
... Automated programs and detailed user guide allowing users to perform there own revisions analysis for any country / variable combination available in the database Information on reasons for revisions and references to international recommendations for establishing revisions analysis policies (IMF SD ...
Intangible Barriers to International Trade: A Sectoral
... trading can include many aspects including transport costs, tariffs, search costs, information costs regarding the product and the reliability of the trading partner, and contract enforcement costs. These transaction costs are likely to increase with the cultural gap between countries because firms ...
... trading can include many aspects including transport costs, tariffs, search costs, information costs regarding the product and the reliability of the trading partner, and contract enforcement costs. These transaction costs are likely to increase with the cultural gap between countries because firms ...
The Puzzle of the Missing Greek Exports
... exploit a WTO-OECD dataset of bilateral exports of value added in goods and services with sectoral breakdown for EU and OECD countries. Compared to gross exports, this dataset ensures that our analysis focuses on export activity that creates value and jobs in Greece, as opposed to low valueadded re- ...
... exploit a WTO-OECD dataset of bilateral exports of value added in goods and services with sectoral breakdown for EU and OECD countries. Compared to gross exports, this dataset ensures that our analysis focuses on export activity that creates value and jobs in Greece, as opposed to low valueadded re- ...
TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP: A challenge to Europe
... and that liberalisation takes place as coherently as possible within the region, in absence of full-scale multilateralism. TPP, supplemented by the regional processes of APEC and ASEAN, are bottom-up approaches to that route. Third, the TPP will change the competitive relation between European and A ...
... and that liberalisation takes place as coherently as possible within the region, in absence of full-scale multilateralism. TPP, supplemented by the regional processes of APEC and ASEAN, are bottom-up approaches to that route. Third, the TPP will change the competitive relation between European and A ...
"Non-Homotheticity and Bilateral Trade: Evidence and a Quantitative Explanation"
... the technology to produce it differs greatly across countries, most of which do not know how to make it. At this stage, the good is generally produced in the, typically high income, country where it was invented. As the product matures, methods to produce it become standardized, and they can then be ...
... the technology to produce it differs greatly across countries, most of which do not know how to make it. At this stage, the good is generally produced in the, typically high income, country where it was invented. As the product matures, methods to produce it become standardized, and they can then be ...
Quality Choice: Effects of Trade, Transportation Cost, and Relative
... Krugman (1979) describes how specialization can occur within an increasing returns to scale industry or even within a differentiated product. An important implication of his seminal work lies in a formal description of the home market effect. It states that specialization due to increasing returns c ...
... Krugman (1979) describes how specialization can occur within an increasing returns to scale industry or even within a differentiated product. An important implication of his seminal work lies in a formal description of the home market effect. It states that specialization due to increasing returns c ...