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MATH 1113 Review Sheet for the Final Exam
MATH 1113 Review Sheet for the Final Exam

...  Inverse Function of a function; connection between domains and ranges of these functions  Defining the terms one to one and one to one function o Intuitively, one to one means no partner sharing o Determining when a graph that represents a function is one to one; the horizontal line test  Relati ...
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... (b) Suppose that xn ≥ 0 for all n and you are told that ((−1)n xn ) converges. Show that (xn ) converges. What is its limit? Let (yn ) := ((−1)n xn ) have limit y. Then its subsequence (y2k ) also has limit y (by 3.4.2). Since y2k = xk ≥ 0 for all k, we have y ≥ 0 by 3.2.4. Similarly y2k+1 converges ...
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PRESENTATION OF NATURAL DEDUCTION R. P. NEDERPELT

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Non-standard calculus

In mathematics, non-standard calculus is the modern application of infinitesimals, in the sense of non-standard analysis, to differential and integral calculus. It provides a rigorous justification for some arguments in calculus that were previously considered merely heuristic.Calculations with infinitesimals were widely used before Karl Weierstrass sought to replace them with the (ε, δ)-definition of limit starting in the 1870s. (See history of calculus.) For almost one hundred years thereafter, mathematicians like Richard Courant viewed infinitesimals as being naive and vague or meaningless.Contrary to such views, Abraham Robinson showed in 1960 that infinitesimals are precise, clear, and meaningful, building upon work by Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś. According to Jerome Keisler, ""Robinson solved a three hundred year old problem by giving a precise treatment of infinitesimals. Robinson's achievement will probably rank as one of the major mathematical advances of the twentieth century.""
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