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Continuous time regime switching model applied to foreign
Continuous time regime switching model applied to foreign

... CREA, Université du Luxembourg. Mail: [email protected] ...
Initiative for Policy Dialogue Working Paper Series  Resilience
Initiative for Policy Dialogue Working Paper Series Resilience

... The May 2013 Fed announcement that it would start reducing asset purchases placed the issue of vulnerability of emerging economies to capital account volatility back in the agenda. The predictable reversal of the capital flows that was then unleashed is, of course, the counterpart of the opposite ph ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research

... it reflects the last year of “the previous regime” of highly restricted capital flows.1 The year 2003–4 is the most recent year observed. GDP: Over this eleven-year period, GDP measured in current dollars grew by an average of 9.4 percent per annum. Current account: India undertook major initiatives ...


... fixed exchange rate system forces this type of policy of action by sustaining pricestability; hence lowering the inflation rate. For instance, Argentina adopted a fixed regime to fight against its high inflation rate in the beginning of the 1990s. Three years after adopting of the regime, Argentina ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A LONG RUN VIEW Michael D. Bordo
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A LONG RUN VIEW Michael D. Bordo

... Can financial crises be avoided in these countries despite high proportions of foreign currency debt? Are there other vulnerabilities besides foreign currency debt? Our analysis based on the experience of over 1,700 country years spanning two periods of open international financial integration, 1880 ...
Exchange rate movements and firm value: Evidence from
Exchange rate movements and firm value: Evidence from

... 1. Introduction Foreign exchange risk is a major concern for both investors and corporate managers because exchange rate (ER) movements can directly or indirectly affect cash flows and the market value of firms, which is how we define the concept of ER exposure (see also Jorion, 1990). Nevertheless, ...
Multimarket Trading and Market Liquidity Author(s): Bhagwan
Multimarket Trading and Market Liquidity Author(s): Bhagwan

... fourth markets" in some stocks. Also, there often exist active markets in derivative securities, such as futures and options. An investor with private information about a stock could trade, for example, on one or more exchanges on which the stock is listed, while simultaneously trading in off-the-ex ...
Mizuho Dealer`s Eye
Mizuho Dealer`s Eye

... Japanese shipping company filed for bankruptcy. There is a possibility all this bad news could negatively impact the results of firms in other industries in October, with risk-evasive yen buying likely to increase as a result. The yen will be sold on the real-demand front as pension funds and so on ...
The Round-the-Clock Market for US Treasury Securities
The Round-the-Clock Market for US Treasury Securities

... between dealers, thereby facilitating information flows in the market while providing anonymity to the trading dealers. For the most part, interdealer brokers act only as agents. For their service, the brokers collect a fee from the trade initiator: typically $12.50 per $1 million on three-month bil ...
the dollar and the policy-performance-confidence mix
the dollar and the policy-performance-confidence mix

... This essay is an attempt to move the debate closer to resolution by reexamining the causes ofthe strong dollar within a broad conceptual framework. The framework is based on the premise that while changes in macroeconomic policies influence exchange rates, the relationship cannot be neatly pigeonhol ...
exchange rate volatility and exports in south africa
exchange rate volatility and exports in south africa

... dollars) among emerging market currencies (Galati (2000)). In April 2005 the South African Rand accounted for 0.4 percent of global foreign exchange transactions (with an average daily turnover of 10 bn dollars) and was at the same level than other larger emerging markets such as Mexico, according t ...
"#$%!  DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES !!!"#$%&"'&()
"#$%! DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES !!!"#$%&"'&()

... Cruz Center for International Economics, 10th Annual International Economics Conference, and especially our discussant Michael Devereux. All errors are ours. ...
The Nixon Shock after 40 Years
The Nixon Shock after 40 Years

... United States should ‘take advantage of the present crisis to achieve (i) a lasting improvement in the balance-of-payments position of the United States, (ii) a more equitable sharing of the responsibilities for world security and economic progress, and (iii) a basic reform of the international mone ...
Is there a trade-off between exchange rate risk
Is there a trade-off between exchange rate risk

... concerning the effects of the ERM on the levels of exchange rate risk and interest rate risk: the reduction in exchange rate variability observed when the degree of rigidity in the exchange rate commitment increases; the indetermination in the sign of the behaviour of exchange rate risk (i.e. variab ...
A Look at the Implications of Regulatory Reforms for OTC
A Look at the Implications of Regulatory Reforms for OTC

... from the hypothesized value. If the p-value associated with the t-test is not small (p > 0.05), then the null hypothesis is not rejected. An independent one-sample Levene's t-test (it is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances for a variable calculated for two or more grou ...
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Real Exchange Rates and International Competitiveness

... The persistence of a high level of real exchange rate since 2000 has been a focal point of policy discussions. The exchange rate workshop hosted by the Treasury and the Reserve Bank in March 2013 discussed a wide range of issues including exchange rate regimes, drivers of the exchange rate and their ...
Monetary Policy and the Determination of the Interest Rate and
Monetary Policy and the Determination of the Interest Rate and

... which is relevant for a small economy with any degree of capital mobility. The model is tested by using the quarterly data of Korea and Singapore. The emperical results show that in the Korean case changes in money supply affect the interest rate, but do not affect the exchange rate, while in the ca ...
The Asian Crises Reexamined
The Asian Crises Reexamined

... resulted in ill-conceived reforms such as the IMF’s ill-fated Contingent Credit Line. We focus on the events in Asia in 1997, but use the plural crises rather than the more common crisis for two reasons. One is to stress that there were both currency and financial crises and these acted to reinforce ...
Capital Inflows, Inflation and Exchange Rate Volatility
Capital Inflows, Inflation and Exchange Rate Volatility

... ( ) trends. The capital inflows caused by either “push” or “pull” factors positively impact on monetary base of the host country, foreign reserves and appreciation of the currency value. For remaining indicators, the impact of capital inflows, however, depends upon the channel of flows. For instance ...
Pacific Basin Working Paper Series  CAPITAL CONTROLS AND EXCHANGE RATE INSTABILITY
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... output—surprisingly little systemic work has been undertaken regarding their impact on exchange rate stability in developing countries.1 Several papers have investigated the experiences of capital controls for a few selected countries (e.g. Edison and Reinhart, 2001a, 2001b; Edwards, 1999; Gregorio, ...
Mr. Samson Ampofo
Mr. Samson Ampofo

... in interest rates. As a result, the depreciation episode was more protracted and contributed to a more significant increase in inflation. Nevertheless, exports grew at unprecedented rates and the overall economic growth rate reached a seven-year high. The financial system adjusted for the benefit of ...
DP2006/04  Other stabilisation objectives within an inflation targeting regime: Some stochastic
DP2006/04 Other stabilisation objectives within an inflation targeting regime: Some stochastic

... output and interest rate variability. Policy reaction functions that attempt to promptly and aggressively stabilise inflation tend to demonstrate significantly higher output and interest rate variability than reaction functions that respond more gradually. This mirrors conclusions drawn by researche ...
Invoice Currency: puzzling evidence and new questions from Brazil
Invoice Currency: puzzling evidence and new questions from Brazil

... was the way to deal with that restriction. The changes in the economic environment and the resulting increased availability of foreign currencies overcame this restraint in an environment where restrictions on foreign exchange were also progressively removed. Alongside this policy change, another go ...
Chapter 7
Chapter 7

... Nominal Exchange Rates--Choosing a Definition: Nominal exchange rates (E): price of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency ...
World Economic Outlook, October 2015, Chapter 3: Exchange Rates
World Economic Outlook, October 2015, Chapter 3: Exchange Rates

... typically evolve following real exchange rate movements? In particular, to what extent do exchange rate changes pass through to the relative prices of exports and imports, and how strongly do trade flows respond following these trade price changes? How quickly do the adjustments occur? •• Is there e ...
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Foreign exchange market

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized market for the trading of currencies. This includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of volume of trading, it is by far the largest market in the world. The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centres around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions, and it operates on several levels. Behind the scenes banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as “dealers,” who are actively involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the “interbank market”, although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved. Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, forex has little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation based on the interest rate differential between two currencies.In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions (the Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II), when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics: its huge trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity; its geographical dispersion; its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e., trading from 22:00 GMT on Sunday (Sydney) until 22:00 GMT Friday (New York); the variety of factors that affect exchange rates; the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks.According to the Bank for International Settlements,the preliminary global results from the 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and OTC Derivatives Markets Activity show that trading in foreign exchange markets averaged $5.3 trillion per day in April 2013. This is up from $4.0 trillion in April 2010 and $3.3 trillion in April 2007. Foreign exchange swaps were the most actively traded instruments in April 2013, at $2.2 trillion per day, followed by spot trading at $2.0 trillion.According to the Bank for International Settlements, as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, a growth of approximately 20% over the $3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion.The $3.98 trillion break-down is as follows: $1.490 trillion in spot transactions $475 billion in outright forwards $1.765 trillion in foreign exchange swaps $43 billion currency swaps $207 billion in options and other products↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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