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KC3002 International Finance /International Macroeconomics
KC3002 International Finance /International Macroeconomics

... An increase in the base country interest rate should cause output to fall in a country which pegs its exchange rate to the base country, because the pegging country has to tighten its monetary policy and raise its interest rate to match the base interest rate. Di Giovanni and Shambaugh(2008) examine ...
The International Role of the Dollar and Trade Balance
The International Role of the Dollar and Trade Balance

... which is the case when exchange-rate pass through into prices is very low, expenditure-switching does not occur in the home market. A domestic currency depreciation does not lead to much of a decline in import quantities. At the same time a depreciation of the dollar raises quantities of U.S. export ...
DD-AA
DD-AA

Real Interest Rate
Real Interest Rate

... • Panel (a) of the figure shows the market for loanable funds. As before, national saving is the source of the supply of loanable funds. Domestic investment and net capital outflow are the source of the demand for loanable funds. The equilibrium real interest rate(r1) brings the quantity of loanable ...
Carry Trades, Monetary Policy and Speculative Dynamics
Carry Trades, Monetary Policy and Speculative Dynamics

... See, for instance, the full page feature in the Financial Times entitled “Carried Away”, April 30th, 2010. ...
the effects of exchange rate on the trade balance in ghana
the effects of exchange rate on the trade balance in ghana

... real and nominal exchange rates and how these affect the trade and growth in an economy. Should an economy adopt a fixed or flexible exchange rate system? Should it target the real or the nominal exchange rate? Models of real exchange rates reflect the relative prices of one country in terms of refe ...
The research reported here is part of the NBER's research
The research reported here is part of the NBER's research

... "The fundamental argument for flexible exchange rates is that they would allow countries autonomy with respect monetary, fiscal and other policy instruments. The argument for flexible rates can be put more strongly still: flexible exchange rates are essential to the preservation of national autonomy ...
trading hours euronext amsterdam, brussels, lisbon and
trading hours euronext amsterdam, brussels, lisbon and

... Trading arrangements for the period 24 December 2013 to 3 January 2014 for the Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon and Paris Derivatives Markets are detailed below. The trading hours of the Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon and Paris Derivatives Markets during the period of 24 December 2013 to 3 January 2014, inc ...
Prasad-uce05-s  405386 en
Prasad-uce05-s 405386 en

... The current overall exposure of the corporate sector and banks in China to foreign exchange risks appears to be low; however, there are some indications that the degree of exposure has been on the rise in recent years. As shown in Table 1, in 2003, banks’ net foreign assets accounted for 3 percent o ...
Chapter 8 PPP
Chapter 8 PPP

... European bank accounts – Euroyen – Europounds ...
The Relationship between Exchange Rates and Stock Prices
The Relationship between Exchange Rates and Stock Prices

... short-run model that allows for simultaneous equilibrium in the goods, money, foreign exchange and stock markets in two-countries. Specifically, I focus on the United States and the United Kingdom over the period January 1990 through August 2004. Establishing the relationship between stock prices an ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: Exchange Rate Theory and Practice
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: Exchange Rate Theory and Practice

... The role of intervention policy is explored in the context of a discretetime stochastic model in which agents have rational expectations. The description of this model in section l l .2 reveals that it has two features which are especially important. First, intervention operations affect macroeconom ...
Putting the Cart Before the Horse? Capital Account Liberalization and
Putting the Cart Before the Horse? Capital Account Liberalization and

... The current overall exposure of the corporate sector and banks in China to foreign exchange risks appears to be low; however, there are some indications that the degree of exposure has been on the rise in recent years. As shown in Table 1, in 2003, banks’ net foreign assets accounted for 3 percent o ...
THE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH
THE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH

... price level in the country. Directly from the form itself it can be concluded that the increase in inflation in the domestic economy, or more specifically, the rapid growth of domestic than foreign price (assuming the constancy of the nominal exchange rate) leads to a decrease in the real exchange r ...
PDF Download
PDF Download

... principal Asian creditors – Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan – and the principal European creditor Germany, only export manufactures and are themselves major importers of services and raw materials including oil. Thus, their trade (saving) surpluses with the rest of the world, and bilaterally with the Un ...
- wiwi.uni
- wiwi.uni

... literature often relies on a benchmark from outside South America, such as the volatility of real exchange rate changes between US states. This ignores the fact that some of the observed volatility may be caused by region-specific shocks that the benchmark countries do not experience, thus yielding ...
Paul de Grauwe
Paul de Grauwe

... This model has a different starting point than the monetary model. It recognises that the decisions of portfolio holders should be introduced in the analysis. In these models the desire to diversify plays an important role in the determination of the exchange rate. As a result, in addition to the ma ...
Chapter 2: Introduction to Exchange Rates and Foreign
Chapter 2: Introduction to Exchange Rates and Foreign

... Foreign Exchange Market (FOREX) is a collection of private individuals, corporations, and some public institutions that buy and sell currencies. Volume is enormous: 2010 $4 trilion per day. US GDP? Highly integrated internationally: there is not a moment in the day when foreign exchange is not being ...
Download Full Article
Download Full Article

... exchange rate is ordered last in the list, which responds instantaneously to all other shocks. These shocks are ordered as following: Monetary aggregate, CPI, IIP, world price of oil and U.S. Federal Funds Rate. This model captures the characteristics of a large open economy with fully floating exch ...
Chapter 16
Chapter 16

... Relative interest rates (cont.) • Expectations about the value of the currency during the investment period – So far, the role of interest rates on the exchange rate has ignored expectations about the value of the currency during the investment period – Table 16.1 illustrates the interaction of int ...
Will the Renminbi replace the US Dollar as the world currency?
Will the Renminbi replace the US Dollar as the world currency?

... affect the competitiveness of its export sector and economic growth. China’s Trilemma- In 1960, Noble prize winner Robert Mundell inferred that a country at one time can’t have an open capital account, along with control over interest rates and currency. For a country like China which is having a fi ...
empirical investigation of the relationship between exchange rate
empirical investigation of the relationship between exchange rate

... There is a support of empirical literature which is in favour of argument that there is no significant link of stock volatility with fluctuations in exchange rate. Chiang, Yang, and Wang (1992) conducted a study to examine the link of returns of stock with fluctuations in exchange rate in the United ...
Working Paper No. 288 - Financial Performance and
Working Paper No. 288 - Financial Performance and

... the link between macroeconomic fundamentals and relative exchange rate performance over the cycle, during both booms and busts. A time …xed e¤ect in the panel data regression controls for global factors, allowing us to examine the role of country-speci…c factors in determining the relative performan ...
Assessing the Impact of Exchange Rate Risk on Banks Performance
Assessing the Impact of Exchange Rate Risk on Banks Performance

... international trade imbalances suggests countries with current trade surpluses are expected to have an appreciating currency, whereas countries with trade deficits should have depreciating currencies. Such exchange rate changes would lead to changes in international relative prices that would work t ...
The monetary policies of two countries having trade relations are not
The monetary policies of two countries having trade relations are not

... the welfare of the cooperating countries in any case because cooperation strengthens a central bank’s credibility problem vis-à-vis the private sector. Oudiz and Sachs (1985) distinguish between open-loop and closed-loop behaviour and between non-cooperative and cooperative decisions. However, the a ...
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Foreign exchange market

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized market for the trading of currencies. This includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of volume of trading, it is by far the largest market in the world. The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centres around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions, and it operates on several levels. Behind the scenes banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as “dealers,” who are actively involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the “interbank market”, although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved. Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, forex has little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation based on the interest rate differential between two currencies.In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions (the Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II), when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics: its huge trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity; its geographical dispersion; its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e., trading from 22:00 GMT on Sunday (Sydney) until 22:00 GMT Friday (New York); the variety of factors that affect exchange rates; the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks.According to the Bank for International Settlements,the preliminary global results from the 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and OTC Derivatives Markets Activity show that trading in foreign exchange markets averaged $5.3 trillion per day in April 2013. This is up from $4.0 trillion in April 2010 and $3.3 trillion in April 2007. Foreign exchange swaps were the most actively traded instruments in April 2013, at $2.2 trillion per day, followed by spot trading at $2.0 trillion.According to the Bank for International Settlements, as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, a growth of approximately 20% over the $3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion.The $3.98 trillion break-down is as follows: $1.490 trillion in spot transactions $475 billion in outright forwards $1.765 trillion in foreign exchange swaps $43 billion currency swaps $207 billion in options and other products↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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