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E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. 27, 488 The Structure of the Atom E
... affected by the external electronic distribution. Supposing that the forces between the nucleus and the α particle are repulsive and follow the law of inverse squares, the α particle described a hyperbolic orbit round the nucleus and its deflexion can be simply calculated. It was deduced from this t ...
... affected by the external electronic distribution. Supposing that the forces between the nucleus and the α particle are repulsive and follow the law of inverse squares, the α particle described a hyperbolic orbit round the nucleus and its deflexion can be simply calculated. It was deduced from this t ...
Electrostatics(num)
... Two point charges 3C and – 3 C are located 20 cm apart in vacuum at point A and B respectively. (i) What is the electric field at the mid point O of the line AB. (ii) If a negative charge of magnitude 1.5 x 10-9 C is placed at this point, what is the force experienced by this charge? [5.4x106 N/C ...
... Two point charges 3C and – 3 C are located 20 cm apart in vacuum at point A and B respectively. (i) What is the electric field at the mid point O of the line AB. (ii) If a negative charge of magnitude 1.5 x 10-9 C is placed at this point, what is the force experienced by this charge? [5.4x106 N/C ...
The electron-ion streaming instabilities driven by drift
... 2006] found that the ensemble mean of the ion-acoustic resistivity during the nonlinear regime is higher than estimates at quasi-linear saturation. In magnetic reconnections with a guide field, the Buneman instability produces electron holes, and the associated electron scattering off the holes enha ...
... 2006] found that the ensemble mean of the ion-acoustic resistivity during the nonlinear regime is higher than estimates at quasi-linear saturation. In magnetic reconnections with a guide field, the Buneman instability produces electron holes, and the associated electron scattering off the holes enha ...
Spin-density wave in a quantum wire
... The physics of this novel interaction is straightforward: it comes from the interaction-induced correlation of the orbital motion of the two particles, which, in turn, induces correlations between their spins via the spin-orbit coupling. The net Ising interaction would have been zero if not for the ...
... The physics of this novel interaction is straightforward: it comes from the interaction-induced correlation of the orbital motion of the two particles, which, in turn, induces correlations between their spins via the spin-orbit coupling. The net Ising interaction would have been zero if not for the ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... is also applicable for photoionization [29]. It is important to stress that we observe two different mechanisms of multi-photon absorption in the experiment, sequential and direct photon absorption. The I0n -scaling found in this section is valid for the direct case. There, the intermediate states a ...
... is also applicable for photoionization [29]. It is important to stress that we observe two different mechanisms of multi-photon absorption in the experiment, sequential and direct photon absorption. The I0n -scaling found in this section is valid for the direct case. There, the intermediate states a ...
Particle Accelerators for High Energy Physics A Short History
... experience was with the 300 MeV Cornell electron synchrotron. This device had a 1 m orbit radius, the guide magnetic field of which varied sinusoidally at 30 Hz with acceleration provided by a single 50 MHz RF cavity. The “synchro” in synchrotron comes from the fortunate circumstance that the orbit ...
... experience was with the 300 MeV Cornell electron synchrotron. This device had a 1 m orbit radius, the guide magnetic field of which varied sinusoidally at 30 Hz with acceleration provided by a single 50 MHz RF cavity. The “synchro” in synchrotron comes from the fortunate circumstance that the orbit ...
Document
... • When an electron has been promoted to a higher level, it is in an excited state – Electrons are promoted through an electric discharge, heat, or some other source of energy – An atom in an excited state eventually emits photons as the electron drops back down to the ground state ...
... • When an electron has been promoted to a higher level, it is in an excited state – Electrons are promoted through an electric discharge, heat, or some other source of energy – An atom in an excited state eventually emits photons as the electron drops back down to the ground state ...
gamma-gamma colliders
... or else the natural spreading angle of the produced gamma rays, of order 1/γ, will diffuse the collision point too much. On the other hand, the greater the distance between the conversion point and the collision point, the more monochromatic will be the gamma-ray spectrum. For typical colliders the ...
... or else the natural spreading angle of the produced gamma rays, of order 1/γ, will diffuse the collision point too much. On the other hand, the greater the distance between the conversion point and the collision point, the more monochromatic will be the gamma-ray spectrum. For typical colliders the ...
Hydrodynamic instability of one-dimensional electron flow in
... flow, and t is time. In this work, we assume the simplest case of instabilities, where all the transverse fluctuations in the !y , z" plane are neglected, similar to the plane-wave approximation in the propagation of electromagnetic waves. In bulk semiconductors, this forms a subspace of collective ...
... flow, and t is time. In this work, we assume the simplest case of instabilities, where all the transverse fluctuations in the !y , z" plane are neglected, similar to the plane-wave approximation in the propagation of electromagnetic waves. In bulk semiconductors, this forms a subspace of collective ...
Lepton
A lepton is an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. The best known of all leptons is the electron, which is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, forming three generations. The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron (e−) and electron neutrino (νe); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon (μ−) and muon neutrino (νμ); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau (τ−) and the tau neutrino (ντ). Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Thus electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas muons and taus can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and those carried out in particle accelerators).Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Unlike quarks however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism (excluding neutrinos, which are electrically neutral), and the weak interaction. For every lepton flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as antilepton, that differs from the lepton only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. However, according to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle, but it is not currently known whether this is the case or not.The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists and was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936, which was classified as a meson at the time. After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass. It took until 1947 for the concept of ""leptons"" as a family of particle to be proposed. The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery.Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also be synthesized, as well as lepton–antilepton particles such as positronium.