![Space-time evolution of electron-beam driven electron holes and](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004091243_1-bd468d78881745d81f855e14485c2f97-300x300.png)
Space-time evolution of electron-beam driven electron holes and
... electron thermal velocity. The initial electron and ion temperatures were assumed to be equal, i.e. Te = Ti = To and Vte = (kB To /me )1/2 , where kB is the Boltzmann constant and me is the electron mass. Beam temperature was varied in different simulations, but as long as Vb Vte > Vtb , the beam ...
... electron thermal velocity. The initial electron and ion temperatures were assumed to be equal, i.e. Te = Ti = To and Vte = (kB To /me )1/2 , where kB is the Boltzmann constant and me is the electron mass. Beam temperature was varied in different simulations, but as long as Vb Vte > Vtb , the beam ...
Einstein`s Photoelectric Effect
... In a recommendation for Einstein's membership in the Prussian Academy of Science, the sponsors wrote “In sum, one can say that there is hardly one among the great problems in which modern physics is so rich to which Einstein has not made a remarkable contribution. That he may sometimes have missed t ...
... In a recommendation for Einstein's membership in the Prussian Academy of Science, the sponsors wrote “In sum, one can say that there is hardly one among the great problems in which modern physics is so rich to which Einstein has not made a remarkable contribution. That he may sometimes have missed t ...
DR8_Circular_Colliders_2
... World e+e- colliders luminosity plot Two regions: High luminosity frontier ...
... World e+e- colliders luminosity plot Two regions: High luminosity frontier ...
Agglomeration Kernel of Bipolar Charged Particles in the Presence
... indicate the number of particle i, j per unit volume, respectively. In this paper, particle i is assumed to be a small particle called a fine particle, while the label j indicates a large particle called a nucleus particle. It should be pointed out that the theory also works for particles of similar ...
... indicate the number of particle i, j per unit volume, respectively. In this paper, particle i is assumed to be a small particle called a fine particle, while the label j indicates a large particle called a nucleus particle. It should be pointed out that the theory also works for particles of similar ...
ISM_CH22 - Academic Program Pages
... (b) The net electric field points in the –x direction, or 180 counterclockwise from the +x axis. 14. For it to be possible for the net field to vanish at some x > 0, the two individual fields (caused by q1 and q2) must point in opposite directions for x > 0. Given their locations in the figure, we ...
... (b) The net electric field points in the –x direction, or 180 counterclockwise from the +x axis. 14. For it to be possible for the net field to vanish at some x > 0, the two individual fields (caused by q1 and q2) must point in opposite directions for x > 0. Given their locations in the figure, we ...
E. Rutherford, Proc. Roy. Soc., A97, 374 Bakerian Lecture
... has a definite sphere of usefulness, but our knowledge is as yet too scanty to bridge over the apparent difference between them. I propose to-day to discuss in some detail experiments that have been made with a view of throwing light on the constitution and stability of the nuclei of some of the si ...
... has a definite sphere of usefulness, but our knowledge is as yet too scanty to bridge over the apparent difference between them. I propose to-day to discuss in some detail experiments that have been made with a view of throwing light on the constitution and stability of the nuclei of some of the si ...
Development of a Resistive Plate Chamber detector simulation
... the sum of the decay particle masses must be converted into kinetic energy. One example of an unstable elementary particle is the muon, which decays as: µ− → W ∗− νµ → e− ν e νµ The final state of an electron and two neutrinos is lighter than the parent muon, but all three decay products will be mov ...
... the sum of the decay particle masses must be converted into kinetic energy. One example of an unstable elementary particle is the muon, which decays as: µ− → W ∗− νµ → e− ν e νµ The final state of an electron and two neutrinos is lighter than the parent muon, but all three decay products will be mov ...
1 Carrier Drift
... Insert show temperature dependence for almost intrinsic silicon. The second interaction mechanism affecting carrier mobility is called ionized impurity scattering. We have seen that impurity atoms are added to the semiconductor to control or alter its characteristics. These impurities are ionized at ...
... Insert show temperature dependence for almost intrinsic silicon. The second interaction mechanism affecting carrier mobility is called ionized impurity scattering. We have seen that impurity atoms are added to the semiconductor to control or alter its characteristics. These impurities are ionized at ...
Lecture Chapter 15
... one-fluid electricity in which one of Nollet's fluids exists and the other is just the absence of the first. He proposes the principle of conservation of charge and calls the fluid that exists and flows ``positive''. This educated guess ensures that undergraduates will always be confused about the d ...
... one-fluid electricity in which one of Nollet's fluids exists and the other is just the absence of the first. He proposes the principle of conservation of charge and calls the fluid that exists and flows ``positive''. This educated guess ensures that undergraduates will always be confused about the d ...
chapter5
... in less then ten minutes. The rapid drift limits the interaction time of electrons with each type of wave. If wave power is high, the interaction will bring the electron distribution to marginal stability even in this limited time. At marginal stability the electron distributions lie along the diff ...
... in less then ten minutes. The rapid drift limits the interaction time of electrons with each type of wave. If wave power is high, the interaction will bring the electron distribution to marginal stability even in this limited time. At marginal stability the electron distributions lie along the diff ...
Nuclear Physics
... The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny quantities has been around for millennia, but these ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation. The nature of atoms in philosophy varie ...
... The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny quantities has been around for millennia, but these ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation. The nature of atoms in philosophy varie ...
Highly charged cloud particles in the atmosphere of Venus
... the Venus Express instruments detected strong, circularly polarized electromagnetic waves which have the expected properties of signals generated by lightning discharges [Russell et al., 2007]. In the middle cloud layer, the temperature and pressure are almost Earth-like with a pressure close to 0.5 ...
... the Venus Express instruments detected strong, circularly polarized electromagnetic waves which have the expected properties of signals generated by lightning discharges [Russell et al., 2007]. In the middle cloud layer, the temperature and pressure are almost Earth-like with a pressure close to 0.5 ...
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Microcapsules
... are important issues. A phase diagram summarizes the phase behaviour of a mixture at equilibrium and shows at which concentrations all the components are completely dissolved in each other and at which concentration of each component phase separation will start. Binary and ternary phase diagrams can ...
... are important issues. A phase diagram summarizes the phase behaviour of a mixture at equilibrium and shows at which concentrations all the components are completely dissolved in each other and at which concentration of each component phase separation will start. Binary and ternary phase diagrams can ...
Abstracts_Advanced_Workshop_Sibiu_2009
... In a search for future spintronic and photonic devices, quantum dots doped with magnetic atoms are very promising candidates since they offer the opportunity to utilize their electronic, magnetic and optical characteristics simultaneously. It is however unclear how efficient InAs Quantum Dots can be ...
... In a search for future spintronic and photonic devices, quantum dots doped with magnetic atoms are very promising candidates since they offer the opportunity to utilize their electronic, magnetic and optical characteristics simultaneously. It is however unclear how efficient InAs Quantum Dots can be ...
A generalized mass transfer law unifying various particle transport
... turbulent boundary layer. Their model agrees well with experiments in pipe flows. Davies [13] made an apparently more plausible assumption that the free flight velocity is the same as the local r.m.s. velocity of the fluid, but his computed deposition velocities were lower by some two orders of magn ...
... turbulent boundary layer. Their model agrees well with experiments in pipe flows. Davies [13] made an apparently more plausible assumption that the free flight velocity is the same as the local r.m.s. velocity of the fluid, but his computed deposition velocities were lower by some two orders of magn ...
A system for precise sulfur isotope analysis by a small mass
... A schematic cross section of the electron impact ion source is given in Fig. 5. The cathode, rhenium wire filament emits electrons after being electrically heated. The electron emission of the cathode is stabilized to 250 p.A. The electrons thus produced are focused and accelerated to an energy of 7 ...
... A schematic cross section of the electron impact ion source is given in Fig. 5. The cathode, rhenium wire filament emits electrons after being electrically heated. The electron emission of the cathode is stabilized to 250 p.A. The electrons thus produced are focused and accelerated to an energy of 7 ...
Lepton
A lepton is an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. The best known of all leptons is the electron, which is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, forming three generations. The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron (e−) and electron neutrino (νe); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon (μ−) and muon neutrino (νμ); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau (τ−) and the tau neutrino (ντ). Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Thus electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas muons and taus can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and those carried out in particle accelerators).Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Unlike quarks however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism (excluding neutrinos, which are electrically neutral), and the weak interaction. For every lepton flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as antilepton, that differs from the lepton only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. However, according to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle, but it is not currently known whether this is the case or not.The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists and was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936, which was classified as a meson at the time. After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass. It took until 1947 for the concept of ""leptons"" as a family of particle to be proposed. The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery.Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also be synthesized, as well as lepton–antilepton particles such as positronium.