a revised electromagnetic theory with fundamental applications
... quantum mechanics has been very successful in its applications to numerous problems in physics, and has sometimes manifested itself in an extremely good agreement with experiments. Nevertheless there exist areas within which these joint theories do not provide fully adequate descriptions of physical ...
... quantum mechanics has been very successful in its applications to numerous problems in physics, and has sometimes manifested itself in an extremely good agreement with experiments. Nevertheless there exist areas within which these joint theories do not provide fully adequate descriptions of physical ...
- Institute of plasma physics
... QPIC does not give significant CPU time savings over PIC. In order to restore temporal savings in QPIC we suppose that the quiver-averaged electron behaviour controls the essential physics and we look for an approximate representation that leads to equivalent behavior of the electrons in phase space ...
... QPIC does not give significant CPU time savings over PIC. In order to restore temporal savings in QPIC we suppose that the quiver-averaged electron behaviour controls the essential physics and we look for an approximate representation that leads to equivalent behavior of the electrons in phase space ...
Dark Matter: A Primer
... and more mass in enclosed, then the gravitational field will grow; here velocities can grow or remain constant as a function of radius r (with the exact behavior depending on the mass profile M (r)). If, however, the mass enclosed decreases or remains constant as the Gaussian surface grows, then the ...
... and more mass in enclosed, then the gravitational field will grow; here velocities can grow or remain constant as a function of radius r (with the exact behavior depending on the mass profile M (r)). If, however, the mass enclosed decreases or remains constant as the Gaussian surface grows, then the ...
Physics 202 - courses.psu.edu
... • This is FORM A; the questions in the other forms are identical, except for the order in which they appear. • It is strongly advised that you go through this detailed solution and understand where you may have erred. If you find conceptual difficulties with some of the questions/solutions, consult ...
... • This is FORM A; the questions in the other forms are identical, except for the order in which they appear. • It is strongly advised that you go through this detailed solution and understand where you may have erred. If you find conceptual difficulties with some of the questions/solutions, consult ...
L4_tracking_riegler - Indico
... signal can be registered. Signal/Noise >>1 The noise is characterized by the ‘Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC)’ = Charge signal at the input that produced an output signal equal to the noise. ENC of very good amplifiers can be as low as 50e-, typical numbers are ~ 1000e-. I=2.9eV 2.5 x 106 e/h pairs/cm ...
... signal can be registered. Signal/Noise >>1 The noise is characterized by the ‘Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC)’ = Charge signal at the input that produced an output signal equal to the noise. ENC of very good amplifiers can be as low as 50e-, typical numbers are ~ 1000e-. I=2.9eV 2.5 x 106 e/h pairs/cm ...
Quantum Physics
... theory of thermal radiation was inadequate. The basic problem was in understanding the observed distribution energy as a function of wavelength in the radiation emitted by a blackbody. By definition, a blackbody is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it. A good approximation of a ...
... theory of thermal radiation was inadequate. The basic problem was in understanding the observed distribution energy as a function of wavelength in the radiation emitted by a blackbody. By definition, a blackbody is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it. A good approximation of a ...
Reduction of Sheath Potential and Dust Ion
... where the electric field at the plate becomes zero, the stationary oscillation in a potential distribution appears. This oscillation is confirmed to be a dust ion-acoustic wave, where the dust charge determines the wavelength and electrons do not contribute to the oscillation except for the vicinity ...
... where the electric field at the plate becomes zero, the stationary oscillation in a potential distribution appears. This oscillation is confirmed to be a dust ion-acoustic wave, where the dust charge determines the wavelength and electrons do not contribute to the oscillation except for the vicinity ...
1. Theoretical studies of anomalous particle transport
... Finally, since the behaviors are expected to be different whereas the trapped particles are dominant or not, the dependence versus collisionality is also tested. The particle flux is expressed as follows: /n = -D(n/n + (Cq q/q - CT T/T))+Vneo Density profile scaling as 1/q, being between 0.5 ...
... Finally, since the behaviors are expected to be different whereas the trapped particles are dominant or not, the dependence versus collisionality is also tested. The particle flux is expressed as follows: /n = -D(n/n + (Cq q/q - CT T/T))+Vneo Density profile scaling as 1/q, being between 0.5 ...
Ch#24 - KFUPM Faculty List
... T071: Q10. What is the external work required to bring four 3.0×10-9 C positive point charges from infinity and place them at the corner of a square of side 0.12 m (Ans: +3.7 μJ) Q11. A point charge q1 = + 2.4 μC is held stationary at the origin. A second point charge q2 = - 4.3 μC moves from x1= 0. ...
... T071: Q10. What is the external work required to bring four 3.0×10-9 C positive point charges from infinity and place them at the corner of a square of side 0.12 m (Ans: +3.7 μJ) Q11. A point charge q1 = + 2.4 μC is held stationary at the origin. A second point charge q2 = - 4.3 μC moves from x1= 0. ...
force - Resonance DLP
... in a straight line unless it is compelled by some external force. It means a body remain unaccelerated if and only if, the resultant force on it is zero. In such a case the body is said to be in equilibrium. ...
... in a straight line unless it is compelled by some external force. It means a body remain unaccelerated if and only if, the resultant force on it is zero. In such a case the body is said to be in equilibrium. ...
Low-energy electron–argon scattering in a low-frequency laser field
... section for absorbing n photons is mainly described by a product of the field-free elastic cross section and the square of the regular Bessel function Jn (λ). The argument of the Bessel function, λ, is proportional to ˆ · Q and the order n corresponds to n-photon processes. For small arguments, Jn ...
... section for absorbing n photons is mainly described by a product of the field-free elastic cross section and the square of the regular Bessel function Jn (λ). The argument of the Bessel function, λ, is proportional to ˆ · Q and the order n corresponds to n-photon processes. For small arguments, Jn ...
ll ne - Arihant Book
... In filling the gasoline tank of an aeroplane, the metal nozzle of hose from the gasoline truck is always carefully connected to the metal of the aeroplane by a wire, before the nozzle is inserted in the tank. Explain, why? Sol. Since, the aeroplane and the gasoline truck usually have wheels with rub ...
... In filling the gasoline tank of an aeroplane, the metal nozzle of hose from the gasoline truck is always carefully connected to the metal of the aeroplane by a wire, before the nozzle is inserted in the tank. Explain, why? Sol. Since, the aeroplane and the gasoline truck usually have wheels with rub ...
Kinetic Theory of the Alfvén Wave Acceleration of
... Knudsen et al., 1998; Chaston et al., 1999, 2000). Upgoing and counterstreaming electrons have also been observed (Sharp et al., 1980; Klumpar and Heikkila, 1982; Burch et al., 1983; Block and Fälthammar, 1990; Boehm et al., 1995), especially in the downward auroral current region (Marklund et al., ...
... Knudsen et al., 1998; Chaston et al., 1999, 2000). Upgoing and counterstreaming electrons have also been observed (Sharp et al., 1980; Klumpar and Heikkila, 1982; Burch et al., 1983; Block and Fälthammar, 1990; Boehm et al., 1995), especially in the downward auroral current region (Marklund et al., ...
Nonlinear electron acceleration by oblique whistler waves - HAL-Insu
... generates whistler waves, while resonant interaction of these waves with high energy electrons results in electron acceleration.41 In the frame of this self-consistent model, the effect of wave-frequency variation with time and the turning acceleration mechanism were also investigated.42,43 The late ...
... generates whistler waves, while resonant interaction of these waves with high energy electrons results in electron acceleration.41 In the frame of this self-consistent model, the effect of wave-frequency variation with time and the turning acceleration mechanism were also investigated.42,43 The late ...
Lepton
A lepton is an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. The best known of all leptons is the electron, which is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, forming three generations. The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron (e−) and electron neutrino (νe); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon (μ−) and muon neutrino (νμ); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau (τ−) and the tau neutrino (ντ). Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Thus electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas muons and taus can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and those carried out in particle accelerators).Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Unlike quarks however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism (excluding neutrinos, which are electrically neutral), and the weak interaction. For every lepton flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as antilepton, that differs from the lepton only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. However, according to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle, but it is not currently known whether this is the case or not.The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists and was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936, which was classified as a meson at the time. After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass. It took until 1947 for the concept of ""leptons"" as a family of particle to be proposed. The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery.Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also be synthesized, as well as lepton–antilepton particles such as positronium.