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The Physics of Particle Detectors
... It is hard to keep track of the original source of material contained in a lecture, my apologies to those who originally created the plots and graphs collected here and are not properly quoted. This lecture is largely based on: K.Kleinknecht: Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge C.Grupen: Par ...
... It is hard to keep track of the original source of material contained in a lecture, my apologies to those who originally created the plots and graphs collected here and are not properly quoted. This lecture is largely based on: K.Kleinknecht: Detectors for Particle Radiation, Cambridge C.Grupen: Par ...
Ionising Radiation
... There are four classifications of ionising photon radiation: • Characteristic x-rays which result from electron transitions from atomic shells • Bremsstrahlung which results from electron-nucleus Coulomb interactions • γ-rays which result from nuclear transitions • Annihilation quanta which result f ...
... There are four classifications of ionising photon radiation: • Characteristic x-rays which result from electron transitions from atomic shells • Bremsstrahlung which results from electron-nucleus Coulomb interactions • γ-rays which result from nuclear transitions • Annihilation quanta which result f ...
Charge and Mass of the Electron
... K. For this, we use a PIN photodiode, which is a semiconductor device with an undoped layer between a P layer and an N layer. The device is reverse-biased at approximately 50 V, so high-energy electrons and photons hit the undoped region and free a large number of electrons, which create a current d ...
... K. For this, we use a PIN photodiode, which is a semiconductor device with an undoped layer between a P layer and an N layer. The device is reverse-biased at approximately 50 V, so high-energy electrons and photons hit the undoped region and free a large number of electrons, which create a current d ...
Laws of Electric Charges
... 1. What is the charge on an object that has an excess of 3.02 x 109 protons ? 2. Draw the electric field lines present when you have two fixed positive charges and one fixed negative charges in a region of space (draw your own positions for each charge). 3. How many electrons are in excess or defici ...
... 1. What is the charge on an object that has an excess of 3.02 x 109 protons ? 2. Draw the electric field lines present when you have two fixed positive charges and one fixed negative charges in a region of space (draw your own positions for each charge). 3. How many electrons are in excess or defici ...
NAME DATE PER EKS 2: Atomic Structure Quiz Study Guide Level 2
... Atom: smallest unit of matter. Looks like planetary model, with a dense positively charged nucleus in the middle, and electrons orbiting the outside. Isotope: heavier and lighter versions of the same element. The masses of isotopes differ because they have different amounts of neutrons. Ion: an atom ...
... Atom: smallest unit of matter. Looks like planetary model, with a dense positively charged nucleus in the middle, and electrons orbiting the outside. Isotope: heavier and lighter versions of the same element. The masses of isotopes differ because they have different amounts of neutrons. Ion: an atom ...
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES (19.6) There is an electric field vector for
... E vector at a point in space is tangent to the EFL through that point “Density” of EFLs (i.e. number of lines through unit area perpendicular to lines) is proportional to E (magnitude) in that region o Larger E → lines closer together EFLs start on positive charges and end on negative charges ...
... E vector at a point in space is tangent to the EFL through that point “Density” of EFLs (i.e. number of lines through unit area perpendicular to lines) is proportional to E (magnitude) in that region o Larger E → lines closer together EFLs start on positive charges and end on negative charges ...
Psec TOF for Particle Identification at HEP Colliders
... the study of the properties of the top quark. The quarks themselves are not stable, and essentially instantaneously decay to states of integer electric charge and zero net color (the charge of the strong interaction). These states consist of a number of particles, which can include pions, kaons, pro ...
... the study of the properties of the top quark. The quarks themselves are not stable, and essentially instantaneously decay to states of integer electric charge and zero net color (the charge of the strong interaction). These states consist of a number of particles, which can include pions, kaons, pro ...
Relativistic theory of particles with arbitrary intrinsic angular
... make Eq. (4) invariant. Since we consider only unitary transformations, these operators transform in the same way as the Hermitian forms related to them; thus, in order for the integrand fraction in (4) to be invariant, it is necessary that the operators in question form a covariant vector (γ0 , γx ...
... make Eq. (4) invariant. Since we consider only unitary transformations, these operators transform in the same way as the Hermitian forms related to them; thus, in order for the integrand fraction in (4) to be invariant, it is necessary that the operators in question form a covariant vector (γ0 , γx ...
Solutions - Union College
... called Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy and the alpha particles are usually accelerated using a particle accelerator, like the one we have in the basement of Science and Engineering!) a) What was the initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle when it was initially far away, external to the g ...
... called Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy and the alpha particles are usually accelerated using a particle accelerator, like the one we have in the basement of Science and Engineering!) a) What was the initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle when it was initially far away, external to the g ...
Ross.pdf
... the “gluinos”, the “Wino”, the “Zino” and the “photino”, spin-one-half partners of the Standard Model gauge bosons, the gluon, the W, the Z and the photon respectively. Although these new states are thought to be considerably heavier than their partners, and hence should not yet have been found dire ...
... the “gluinos”, the “Wino”, the “Zino” and the “photino”, spin-one-half partners of the Standard Model gauge bosons, the gluon, the W, the Z and the photon respectively. Although these new states are thought to be considerably heavier than their partners, and hence should not yet have been found dire ...
Problem Set 2
... doorknob, you may get a spark and a shock. Why does this tend to happen more on dry days than on humid days? (Hint: a water molecule is an example of an electric dipole.) Why are you less likely to get a shock if you touch a small metal object, such as a paper clip? Question D It has been reported t ...
... doorknob, you may get a spark and a shock. Why does this tend to happen more on dry days than on humid days? (Hint: a water molecule is an example of an electric dipole.) Why are you less likely to get a shock if you touch a small metal object, such as a paper clip? Question D It has been reported t ...
Problem Set 2
... doorknob, you may get a spark and a shock. Why does this tend to happen more on dry days than on humid days? (Hint: a water molecule is an example of an electric dipole.) Why are you less likely to get a shock if you touch a small metal object, such as a paper clip? Question D It has been reported t ...
... doorknob, you may get a spark and a shock. Why does this tend to happen more on dry days than on humid days? (Hint: a water molecule is an example of an electric dipole.) Why are you less likely to get a shock if you touch a small metal object, such as a paper clip? Question D It has been reported t ...
Nuclear Physics
... Ions enter the velocity selector which contains an electric field (up the page) and magnetic field (into the page) at right angles to each other. By choosing a suitable value for the magnetic field the ions continue in a straight line. i.e. The force produced by the electric filed (eE) is equal to t ...
... Ions enter the velocity selector which contains an electric field (up the page) and magnetic field (into the page) at right angles to each other. By choosing a suitable value for the magnetic field the ions continue in a straight line. i.e. The force produced by the electric filed (eE) is equal to t ...
ch 19.1
... 0 Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They make up everything around us; Your desk, the board, your body, everything is made of atoms! 0 Atoms are too small to see without powerful ...
... 0 Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They make up everything around us; Your desk, the board, your body, everything is made of atoms! 0 Atoms are too small to see without powerful ...
Testing Lorentz Invariance in High-Energy
... From this expression, we can see when the effective field theory breaks down. The velocity may become superluminal when E m c . If c m M P, this is E mM P . More generally, momentum eigenstates may not be eigenstates of velocity. ...
... From this expression, we can see when the effective field theory breaks down. The velocity may become superluminal when E m c . If c m M P, this is E mM P . More generally, momentum eigenstates may not be eigenstates of velocity. ...
Lepton
A lepton is an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. The best known of all leptons is the electron, which is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, forming three generations. The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron (e−) and electron neutrino (νe); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon (μ−) and muon neutrino (νμ); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau (τ−) and the tau neutrino (ντ). Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Thus electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas muons and taus can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and those carried out in particle accelerators).Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Unlike quarks however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism (excluding neutrinos, which are electrically neutral), and the weak interaction. For every lepton flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as antilepton, that differs from the lepton only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. However, according to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle, but it is not currently known whether this is the case or not.The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists and was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936, which was classified as a meson at the time. After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass. It took until 1947 for the concept of ""leptons"" as a family of particle to be proposed. The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery.Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also be synthesized, as well as lepton–antilepton particles such as positronium.