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unit 102-1: electric forces and fields
unit 102-1: electric forces and fields

... into contact with objects that have been rubbed. These forces are attributed to a fundamental property of the constituents of atoms known as charge. The forces between particles that are not moving or that are moving relatively slowly are known as electrostatic forces. We start our study in the firs ...
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Zahn, M., S.C. Pao, and C.F. Tsang, Effects of Excitation Risetime and Charge Injection Conditions On the Transient Field and Charge Behavior for Unipolar Ion Conduction, Journal of Electrostatics 2, 59-78, 1976.
Zahn, M., S.C. Pao, and C.F. Tsang, Effects of Excitation Risetime and Charge Injection Conditions On the Transient Field and Charge Behavior for Unipolar Ion Conduction, Journal of Electrostatics 2, 59-78, 1976.

... appropriate for semiconductor applications, while for dielectric liquids, the voltage is usually imposed. For completeness, we repeat the cases of step voltage and current excitations, now specifying the charge density at the emitter electrode rather than the electric field. We also examine the effe ...
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... breathe. It’s always there and we are almost always using it—but we rarely think about it until it’s gone. Scientists have been studying the natural phenomenon of electricity since With his famous—and very danits discovery more than 2,500 years ago gerous!—kite experiment in 1752, when the Greek phi ...
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... By analyzing the magnetic field of a direct electric current within conductors and its action on the charge carrier in the current, a new effect is proposed for a conduct when current flowing through. Similar to the Hall Effect, this effect make the directionally moving charge carrier in the current ...
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... Simple model In an electric field the alignment of the dipoles  layer of charge on each surface of the dielectric  surface charge density bound (induced) – these bound charges are not free to move as they are bound to the molecules. In the interior of the dielectric, the net dipole moment is ze ...
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Electric charge



Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to positive. An object is negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or uncharged. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C), although in electrical engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah), and in chemistry it is common to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit. The symbol Q is often used to denote charge. The early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still very accurate if quantum effects do not need to be considered.The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces (See also: magnetic field).Twentieth-century experiments demonstrated that electric charge is quantized; that is, it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, approximately equal to 6981160200000000000♠1.602×10−19 coulombs (except for particles called quarks, which have charges that are integer multiples of e/3). The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e. The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is called quantum electrodynamics.
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