17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through pathways. These pathways conduct either sensory or motor information; processing and integration occur continuously along them. These pathways travel through the white matter of the brainstem and/or spinal cord as they connect various CNS ...
... The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through pathways. These pathways conduct either sensory or motor information; processing and integration occur continuously along them. These pathways travel through the white matter of the brainstem and/or spinal cord as they connect various CNS ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... 14 (18) or area insularis prima - I (I), while it is named area orbitalis tertia (ORB 111) and area sylvia interna (SI) according the myeloarchitectonic division (34, 36). However, the cortex of the anterior sylvian gyms is regarded as the insular (1) or temporal area (36). The projection area descr ...
... 14 (18) or area insularis prima - I (I), while it is named area orbitalis tertia (ORB 111) and area sylvia interna (SI) according the myeloarchitectonic division (34, 36). However, the cortex of the anterior sylvian gyms is regarded as the insular (1) or temporal area (36). The projection area descr ...
Anatomy of spinal cord
... fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the dorsal horns. 2. Lower motor neurons, which transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles, are located in the ventral horns (similar neurons in the lateral horn are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic ...
... fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the dorsal horns. 2. Lower motor neurons, which transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles, are located in the ventral horns (similar neurons in the lateral horn are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are known to project into the underlying white matter (Nimchinsky and others 1995), but the sites of termination of th ...
... The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are known to project into the underlying white matter (Nimchinsky and others 1995), but the sites of termination of th ...
The Distribution of Immunoreactivity for
... Connections of AR-IR cells: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Cases of injected animals were selected for analysis based on the positioning of injection sites determined in a 1-in-6 series of silver enhanced and cresyl violet counterstained sections. Using a Zeiss Axioskop and a 5× objective, da ...
... Connections of AR-IR cells: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Cases of injected animals were selected for analysis based on the positioning of injection sites determined in a 1-in-6 series of silver enhanced and cresyl violet counterstained sections. Using a Zeiss Axioskop and a 5× objective, da ...
Neurophysiological bases underlying the organization of intentional
... the many and diverse findings reported by neurophysiological studies on intentional actions, using behavioural paradigms extremely different one from the other in terms of motor complexity. 2.1. When, what and how of intentional actions Many authors employed different behavioural paradigms to investi ...
... the many and diverse findings reported by neurophysiological studies on intentional actions, using behavioural paradigms extremely different one from the other in terms of motor complexity. 2.1. When, what and how of intentional actions Many authors employed different behavioural paradigms to investi ...
Spinal Cord
... opposite side, ascend as far as the midbrain, and then make a sharp turn caudally and enter the superior cerebellar peduncle The fibers cross the midline for a second time within the cerebellum before terminating in the cerebellar cortex Both spinocerebellar tracts convey sensory information to ...
... opposite side, ascend as far as the midbrain, and then make a sharp turn caudally and enter the superior cerebellar peduncle The fibers cross the midline for a second time within the cerebellum before terminating in the cerebellar cortex Both spinocerebellar tracts convey sensory information to ...
Visuomotor development
... sensorimotor pathways in computational neuroethology, Cliff, 1995). The concept of a unitary sensorimotor cycle as a motor primitive for the generation of adaptive behavior in animals (and humans) is not recent. For a long time in biology, the reflex arc was assumed to play a central role in the pro ...
... sensorimotor pathways in computational neuroethology, Cliff, 1995). The concept of a unitary sensorimotor cycle as a motor primitive for the generation of adaptive behavior in animals (and humans) is not recent. For a long time in biology, the reflex arc was assumed to play a central role in the pro ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... Graybiel, 1994; McFarland and Haber, 2000). Projections from M1 terminate almost entirely in the dorsolateral putamen, caudal to the anterior commissure. There are few terminals rostral to the anterior commissure. The caudal premotor area projects to a striatal region that is just adjacent to M1 pro ...
... Graybiel, 1994; McFarland and Haber, 2000). Projections from M1 terminate almost entirely in the dorsolateral putamen, caudal to the anterior commissure. There are few terminals rostral to the anterior commissure. The caudal premotor area projects to a striatal region that is just adjacent to M1 pro ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... protein [Chan-Palay et al., 1974; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987; Hof and Morrison, 1995; Hof et al., 2000; Kaas, 2000]. Although comparable neurons have been described in other mammals, their exceptionally large size in primates [Le Gros Clark, 1942; Zilles, 1990; Kaas, 2000], for whom de ...
... protein [Chan-Palay et al., 1974; Scheibel and Scheibel, 1978; Meyer, 1987; Hof and Morrison, 1995; Hof et al., 2000; Kaas, 2000]. Although comparable neurons have been described in other mammals, their exceptionally large size in primates [Le Gros Clark, 1942; Zilles, 1990; Kaas, 2000], for whom de ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... goals and strategies. Several cortical regions, including many parietal and frontal regions, participate in motor planning 47–51. By contrast, M1 is more important for the execution of goal-directed and skilled motor tasks42,43. Lesions of M1 in monkeys initially cause severe difficulties in volunta ...
... goals and strategies. Several cortical regions, including many parietal and frontal regions, participate in motor planning 47–51. By contrast, M1 is more important for the execution of goal-directed and skilled motor tasks42,43. Lesions of M1 in monkeys initially cause severe difficulties in volunta ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... To achieve this aim, we have used the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG), as well as the anterograde tracer BDA, to respectively label the projection neurons and axonal connections of transcallosal neurons in six distinct cortical locations spanning primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices, i ...
... To achieve this aim, we have used the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG), as well as the anterograde tracer BDA, to respectively label the projection neurons and axonal connections of transcallosal neurons in six distinct cortical locations spanning primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices, i ...
Primary Motor Cortex
... *Primary Somatosensory Cortex • In the postcentral gyri • Receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints • Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated ...
... *Primary Somatosensory Cortex • In the postcentral gyri • Receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints • Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated ...
Primary Motor Cortex
... Primary Somatosensory Cortex • In the postcentral gyri • Receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints • Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated ...
... Primary Somatosensory Cortex • In the postcentral gyri • Receives sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints • Capable of spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated ...
Cerebral cortex and the clinical expression of
... The clinical phenotype of Huntington’s disease (HD) is far more complex and variable than depictions of it as a progressive movement disorder dominated by neostriatal pathology represent.The availability of novel neuroimaging methods has enabled us to evaluate cerebral cortical changes in HD, which ...
... The clinical phenotype of Huntington’s disease (HD) is far more complex and variable than depictions of it as a progressive movement disorder dominated by neostriatal pathology represent.The availability of novel neuroimaging methods has enabled us to evaluate cerebral cortical changes in HD, which ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... expected outcomes, which may contribute to teaching signals early in reversal (Stalnaker et al., 2007). Alternatively, reversal learning may rely on rules regarding the occurrence rather than the value of reward per se (Murray and Izquierdo, 2007), suggesting different underlying mechanisms underlyi ...
... expected outcomes, which may contribute to teaching signals early in reversal (Stalnaker et al., 2007). Alternatively, reversal learning may rely on rules regarding the occurrence rather than the value of reward per se (Murray and Izquierdo, 2007), suggesting different underlying mechanisms underlyi ...
L4-Asending tract
... Medial lemniscus =internal arcuate fibers = axon of 2order neuron of gracilus and cuneatus (crossing of axon) Spinal lemniscus = (spinotectal , anterior & lateral Spinothalamic Tract) ...
... Medial lemniscus =internal arcuate fibers = axon of 2order neuron of gracilus and cuneatus (crossing of axon) Spinal lemniscus = (spinotectal , anterior & lateral Spinothalamic Tract) ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... most posterior parts of the GPi. Thus, the middle to posterior part of the dorsal GPi sends outputs to the PM and distinct subportions of the GPi send outputs to specific premotor areas. Much like the GPi regions that send outputs to the motor and higher-order motor areas, other regions, including t ...
... most posterior parts of the GPi. Thus, the middle to posterior part of the dorsal GPi sends outputs to the PM and distinct subportions of the GPi send outputs to specific premotor areas. Much like the GPi regions that send outputs to the motor and higher-order motor areas, other regions, including t ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... the central sulcus caused the involuntary seizures. He speculated that the progression of seizures across the body resulted from the spread of paroxysmal activity across small clusters of neurons lying along the central sulcus, each of which controlled movement of a different body part. Jackson’s pr ...
... the central sulcus caused the involuntary seizures. He speculated that the progression of seizures across the body resulted from the spread of paroxysmal activity across small clusters of neurons lying along the central sulcus, each of which controlled movement of a different body part. Jackson’s pr ...
Slide ()
... The central autonomic network. Nearly all of the cell groups illustrated here are interconnected with one another, forming the central autonomic network. A. Main afferent pathways. Visceral information (solid lines) is distributed to the brain from the nucleus of the solitary tract and from ascendin ...
... The central autonomic network. Nearly all of the cell groups illustrated here are interconnected with one another, forming the central autonomic network. A. Main afferent pathways. Visceral information (solid lines) is distributed to the brain from the nucleus of the solitary tract and from ascendin ...
learning motor skills by imitation: a biologically inspired robotic model
... 1. learning of repetitive patterns of arm and leg movements; 2. learning of oscillatory movements of shoulder and elbows, using video data of a human demonstration; 3. learning of precise movements of the extremities: grasp and reach. Although the experiments presented here do not use a physical rob ...
... 1. learning of repetitive patterns of arm and leg movements; 2. learning of oscillatory movements of shoulder and elbows, using video data of a human demonstration; 3. learning of precise movements of the extremities: grasp and reach. Although the experiments presented here do not use a physical rob ...
Nerve activates contraction
... tracts going to the brain or from one side of the spinal cord to the other ...
... tracts going to the brain or from one side of the spinal cord to the other ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: a - Research
... Circuit diagrams of the BG and associated input–output connections. (a) The positions of key BG structures involved in skeletomotor control and their basic input–output connectivity superimposed on a parasagittal section through the macaque brain. The basic loop circuit includes an excitatory glutam ...
... Circuit diagrams of the BG and associated input–output connections. (a) The positions of key BG structures involved in skeletomotor control and their basic input–output connectivity superimposed on a parasagittal section through the macaque brain. The basic loop circuit includes an excitatory glutam ...
Motor cortex
Motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.Classically the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the dorsal precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus.