Assessing the Function of Motor Cortex: Single
... that some M1 activity was related to noncausal motor output parameters, such as the current joint angle and the direction of the next movement in a repeated sequence (Thach, 1978). When the domain of neurophysiological inquiry expanded to the study of multijoint reaching movements (Georgopoulos et a ...
... that some M1 activity was related to noncausal motor output parameters, such as the current joint angle and the direction of the next movement in a repeated sequence (Thach, 1978). When the domain of neurophysiological inquiry expanded to the study of multijoint reaching movements (Georgopoulos et a ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... other efferents reach the reticulospinal system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, and spinal cord. Cerebellar outputs to many of its targets are accompanied by return projections through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. One example is the cerebellar projection to the motor cortex (via the ...
... other efferents reach the reticulospinal system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, and spinal cord. Cerebellar outputs to many of its targets are accompanied by return projections through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. One example is the cerebellar projection to the motor cortex (via the ...
PERSPECTIVES
... same action. According to this view, an action is understood when its observation causes the motor system of the observer to ‘resonate’. So, when we observe a hand grasping an apple, the same population of neurons that control the execution of grasping movements becomes active in the observer’s moto ...
... same action. According to this view, an action is understood when its observation causes the motor system of the observer to ‘resonate’. So, when we observe a hand grasping an apple, the same population of neurons that control the execution of grasping movements becomes active in the observer’s moto ...
Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence
... Mirror neurons in the premotor area F5 of monkeys are active both when the animal observes and when it executes a specific action (for a review see [52,53]. The discovery of these cells has had a revolutionary impact, turning perception–action interaction into a focus of intensive, interdisciplinary ...
... Mirror neurons in the premotor area F5 of monkeys are active both when the animal observes and when it executes a specific action (for a review see [52,53]. The discovery of these cells has had a revolutionary impact, turning perception–action interaction into a focus of intensive, interdisciplinary ...
Neural underpinnings of superior action
... motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) with the highest amplitude in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) hand muscle. Then, we determined the lowest stimulation intensity that, during rest, evoked MEPs with amplitude higher than 50 V on at least 50% of occasions (the ‘resting motor threshold’). The online ...
... motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) with the highest amplitude in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) hand muscle. Then, we determined the lowest stimulation intensity that, during rest, evoked MEPs with amplitude higher than 50 V on at least 50% of occasions (the ‘resting motor threshold’). The online ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... a cortico-limbic circuit for object memory acquired through touch. The somatosensory dorsal stream is conveyed through the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), particularly the region bordering the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in humans and monkeys. The dorsal stream represents the actions of the subject ...
... a cortico-limbic circuit for object memory acquired through touch. The somatosensory dorsal stream is conveyed through the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), particularly the region bordering the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in humans and monkeys. The dorsal stream represents the actions of the subject ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... from a prior distribution over causes and sensory data. The brain cannot generate all of its prior beliefs de novo; instead it must estimate them from sensory data, which calls for empirical Bayes. Empirical Bayes uses a hierarchical generative model, in which estimates of causes at one level act as ...
... from a prior distribution over causes and sensory data. The brain cannot generate all of its prior beliefs de novo; instead it must estimate them from sensory data, which calls for empirical Bayes. Empirical Bayes uses a hierarchical generative model, in which estimates of causes at one level act as ...
US Copyright Law
... description of gross anatomy later in the chapter to appreciate the anatomical features described here). Unlike the control brains, Einstein's brain showed a strange confluence of the Sylvian fissure with the central sulcus on the brain's lateral surface; most brains have a Sylvian fissure that proj ...
... description of gross anatomy later in the chapter to appreciate the anatomical features described here). Unlike the control brains, Einstein's brain showed a strange confluence of the Sylvian fissure with the central sulcus on the brain's lateral surface; most brains have a Sylvian fissure that proj ...
02Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
... • The nerve cells are multipolar and are of three main categories: 1. Sensory neurons (Tract cells), which receive impulses from the periphery of the body and whose axons constitute the ascending fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the dorsal horns 2. Lower motor neurons, which transmit im ...
... • The nerve cells are multipolar and are of three main categories: 1. Sensory neurons (Tract cells), which receive impulses from the periphery of the body and whose axons constitute the ascending fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the dorsal horns 2. Lower motor neurons, which transmit im ...
The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and
... and is generated entirely by the spinal cord. Activity after 100ms has traditionally been viewed as ‘voluntary’, because movement-related EMG can be generated at this time from visual or somatosensory stimuli [40]. The time from 50 to 100 ms is termed the long latency response and involves both spi ...
... and is generated entirely by the spinal cord. Activity after 100ms has traditionally been viewed as ‘voluntary’, because movement-related EMG can be generated at this time from visual or somatosensory stimuli [40]. The time from 50 to 100 ms is termed the long latency response and involves both spi ...
Cerebellum
... order for movement to have smooth trajectory. In ataxia movements have irregular, wavering course consisting of ...
... order for movement to have smooth trajectory. In ataxia movements have irregular, wavering course consisting of ...
The Nervous System The Spinal Cord The Spinal Cord The Spinal
... The Spinal Cord • Ascending Pathways – First-order neurons • Cell bodies in ganglia (dorsal root or cranial) • Carry impulses from sensory receptors in muscle and skin to spinal cord and brain • Synapse with second-order neurons ...
... The Spinal Cord • Ascending Pathways – First-order neurons • Cell bodies in ganglia (dorsal root or cranial) • Carry impulses from sensory receptors in muscle and skin to spinal cord and brain • Synapse with second-order neurons ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... Seven cats of either sex weighing 2.4 – 4.5 kg were used; three were anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animal ...
... Seven cats of either sex weighing 2.4 – 4.5 kg were used; three were anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animal ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... needs to be spared from resection in order to prevent post-operative deficits such as permanent paresis or aphasia. Eloquent cortex is commonly identified using electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) by applying electric currents through the same subdural electrodes as used to determine the seizur ...
... needs to be spared from resection in order to prevent post-operative deficits such as permanent paresis or aphasia. Eloquent cortex is commonly identified using electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) by applying electric currents through the same subdural electrodes as used to determine the seizur ...
L2-Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
... fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the dorsal horns. 2. Lower motor neurons, which transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles, are located in the ventral horns (similar neurons in the lateral horn are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic ...
... fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the dorsal horns. 2. Lower motor neurons, which transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles, are located in the ventral horns (similar neurons in the lateral horn are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic ...
Neurophysiological evidence of spared upper motor neurons after
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... glabrous or ventral surface of the hand (Figure 1A; also see Merzenichet al 1978, Sur et al 1982, Carlson et al 1986). The arrangementof skin parts on the ventral hand (Figure 1B), the palmar pads, and glabrous phalanges is preserved but distorted in the cortical map(Figure 1C). Each digit represent ...
... glabrous or ventral surface of the hand (Figure 1A; also see Merzenichet al 1978, Sur et al 1982, Carlson et al 1986). The arrangementof skin parts on the ventral hand (Figure 1B), the palmar pads, and glabrous phalanges is preserved but distorted in the cortical map(Figure 1C). Each digit represent ...
PDF file
... The importance of temporal signals for the acquisition of stereo vision capabilities in visual cortices (i.e. how time contributes to binocular cognitive abilities to emerge) has been underestimated in the past. Temporal context information from the previous time step(s) guide the human visual syste ...
... The importance of temporal signals for the acquisition of stereo vision capabilities in visual cortices (i.e. how time contributes to binocular cognitive abilities to emerge) has been underestimated in the past. Temporal context information from the previous time step(s) guide the human visual syste ...
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF
... Abstract. Organization of intrinsic connections of the frontal association cortex (FAC) in dogs was studied using retrograde HRP-transport method. For cytoarchitectonic observations and measurements of thickness of the cortex and its particular layers, additional sections stained with Nissl method w ...
... Abstract. Organization of intrinsic connections of the frontal association cortex (FAC) in dogs was studied using retrograde HRP-transport method. For cytoarchitectonic observations and measurements of thickness of the cortex and its particular layers, additional sections stained with Nissl method w ...
Cytoarchitecture of the canine perirhinal and postrhinal cortex
... The canine perirhinal cortex, like that in other investigated mammals (Burwell 2001, Krettek and Price 1977, Room and Witter 1985, Suzuki 1996b, Suzuki and Amaral 1994a, Witter et al.1989), is situated along the posterior rhinal sulcus on the lateral and medial aspect of the hemisphere. It correspon ...
... The canine perirhinal cortex, like that in other investigated mammals (Burwell 2001, Krettek and Price 1977, Room and Witter 1985, Suzuki 1996b, Suzuki and Amaral 1994a, Witter et al.1989), is situated along the posterior rhinal sulcus on the lateral and medial aspect of the hemisphere. It correspon ...
9-Cranial nerve 8 (Vestibulo
... 3. Bilaterally to motor nuclei of cranial nerves through medial longitudinal fasciculus 4. To Motor neurons of the spinal cord as lateral (ipsilateral) directly & medial vestibulospinal (bilateral) tracts through MLF. ...
... 3. Bilaterally to motor nuclei of cranial nerves through medial longitudinal fasciculus 4. To Motor neurons of the spinal cord as lateral (ipsilateral) directly & medial vestibulospinal (bilateral) tracts through MLF. ...
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb
... animals were secured to a stereotaxic frame, and the dorsal surface of the superior parietal lobule was exposed. Injection sites were selected by direct visualization of the cortex and were assigned to areas after histological examination of postmortem material. Surgical procedures took place in sta ...
... animals were secured to a stereotaxic frame, and the dorsal surface of the superior parietal lobule was exposed. Injection sites were selected by direct visualization of the cortex and were assigned to areas after histological examination of postmortem material. Surgical procedures took place in sta ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... pathological changes subsequent to ablation, some studies also examined cortical projection systems in apes (Walker, 1938; Lassek and Wheatley, 1945; Kuypers, 1958; Jackson et al., 1969). After the 1950s, however, the amount of research directed toward understanding variation in the hominoid brain d ...
... pathological changes subsequent to ablation, some studies also examined cortical projection systems in apes (Walker, 1938; Lassek and Wheatley, 1945; Kuypers, 1958; Jackson et al., 1969). After the 1950s, however, the amount of research directed toward understanding variation in the hominoid brain d ...
Motor cortex
Motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.Classically the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the dorsal precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus.