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White Martagon Lily - Shelmerdine Garden Centre
White Martagon Lily - Shelmerdine Garden Centre

... White Martagon Lily is an herbaceous perennial with a rigidly upright and towering form. Its medium texture blends into the garden, but can always be balanced by a couple of finer or coarser plants for an effective composition. This perennial will require occasional maintenance and upkeep, and shoul ...
propagation and nursery management
propagation and nursery management

... Dormancy: The dormancy in seeds might be due to hard seed coat, impermeability to water and gases, physiological immaturity of embryo, deficiency of some endogenous growth promoters or excess of endogenous growth inhibitors. Different methods like Stratification, scarification, and chemical treatmen ...
insect pests of potato
insect pests of potato

... INSECT PESTS OF POTATO •Potatoes ...
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Agronomic Insect Pests - la

... Identification: may be identified by two tube-like projections on the posterior, called cornicles. These appear to function as a means of chemical defense, emitting pheromones to alert other aphids about a predator nearby. They also offer mechanical protection, as the fluid emitted can gum up the mo ...
Kingdom Plants chapter 29-30
Kingdom Plants chapter 29-30

... Autotrophic – make food by photosynthesis ...
Herbs and Spices PPT
Herbs and Spices PPT

... Brown Sugar ...
Principles of Biology Lake Tahoe Community College
Principles of Biology Lake Tahoe Community College

... a. 2 megasporangia develop on upper surface of cone scale 3. alternation of generations = diploid vs haploid stages in life cycle B. Pollination replaces need for free water 1. In conifers, polination is the transfer of pollen from male to female cones; cross pollination is usual but in dioecious in ...
Purple Diamond Fringeflower
Purple Diamond Fringeflower

... spider-like flowers held atop the branches in mid spring. It has attractive deep purple foliage which emerges burgundy in spring. The oval leaves are ornamentally significant but remain deep purple through the winter. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. The smooth coppery-bronze bark is not p ...
Gold Edge Duranta
Gold Edge Duranta

... pointy leaves remain dark green through the winter. It produces orange berries in late summer. The smooth brown bark is not particularly outstanding. Landscape Attributes: Gold Edge Duranta is a multi-stemmed evergreen shrub with an upright spreading habit of growth. Its average texture blends into ...
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Class Magnoliopsida

... lodge themselves in a crevice, so that only their spines can be seen, but individual urchins who can't find a suitable crevice will live in more exposed situations. Individuals that have been able to find a crevice usually will roam about one metre from their crevice at night during feeding. Diadema ...
Weed Identification Poster
Weed Identification Poster

... Description: African boxthorn is a declared Class 2 pest plant under Queensland State legislation. It produces a dense thicket armed with spines that can form an impenetrable barrier to domestic stock. African boxthorn is a perennial shrub up to 5 m in height with a deep and extensive branched root ...
Chapter 24: Plant Reproduction
Chapter 24: Plant Reproduction

... In flowering plants, seeds develop within fruits which are specialized structures that aid in seed dispersal Ex: animal eats fruit  feces Germination will occur if there is: 1. Sufficient moisture 2. Proper temperatures 3. Oxygen SACCONE IS THE COOLEST ...
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... the group of batting, possession of a tiny black seeds, rolling ball with the wind, an encounter wet land and water absorption and roots. In the world has been found to kapok tree has more than 200 species, but more than half of all flowering not results in the genus Bombacaceae species, strange fru ...
An Introduction to the Vascular Plants of the Belizean Savanna
An Introduction to the Vascular Plants of the Belizean Savanna

... Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf) as seedlings, in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots. They also tend to have flower parts in threes, scattered vascular bundles in the stem, adventitious roots and parallel leaf venation. There are between ...
Callery pear
Callery pear

... Callery pear displaces native shrubs and trees in regional habitats that are important to native animals for food and shelter. Birds eat its fruit and spread its seeds over long distances and the trees also spread through root suckers especially when top growth has been injured or removed. Infestati ...
The Invasive Species Handbook: A guide to invasive plants in the
The Invasive Species Handbook: A guide to invasive plants in the

... An invasive species is a non-native plant, animal, or other organism (e.g., microbe) that has the ability to invade natural areas and proliferate. They will often dominate an ecosystem to the detriment, and sometimes the exclusion, of native species. As a result, invasive species are likely to cause ...
Ajuga Purple Leaf Ajuga repens “Purple”
Ajuga Purple Leaf Ajuga repens “Purple”

... soil, but pretty much tolerates whatever environment it finds itself in, making R. caroliniensis a natural for managed wildflower gardens and meadows, cottagetype borders, and lawn conversion, diversification and naturalization projects. It's not so good for formal designs because, like all the Acan ...
The biology of Torenia spp.
The biology of Torenia spp.

... T. fournieri is propagated mainly by seed and grown as an annual4 either outdoors or as a houseplant; seeds remain uncovered as light apparently aids germination (Cornell University 2006). In central Australia, the recommended seed sowing time is from August to December (DPIFM Darwin 2004). T. fourn ...
Lesson 4 ENERGY IN ANIMALS AND IN PLANTS VITAL FUNCTIONS
Lesson 4 ENERGY IN ANIMALS AND IN PLANTS VITAL FUNCTIONS

... a) As fuel to generate heat (ex. Wood); b) To produce the oxygen we breathe. c) To produce clothes (ex. wool and cotton to manufacture carpets and sweaters). d) To produce food (ex. lentils, melons, wheat (trigo) , bread ..). e) To please our friends (ex. giving flowers on Valentine's day) f) To pro ...
Unit 5: Diversity of Life Content Outline: Characteristics and
Unit 5: Diversity of Life Content Outline: Characteristics and

... 1. He is considered the Father of Taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of classification of living things. There were originally only two Kingdoms in his system: Plantae & Animalia. 2. Linnaeus’ system placed organisms into groups based on observable characteristics. C. Linnaeus’ system uses Binomial N ...
Layout 2 - California Native Grasslands Association
Layout 2 - California Native Grasslands Association

... Native grasses are low-maintenance and can fit in many garden designs, thanks to these attributes: • They can be left unmowed for long periods, or can be kept short for a lawn look. • Their inflorescences (or seed stalks) can be left to catch the light of the setting sun and wave in the wind, or can ...
Plant Science Lessons
Plant Science Lessons

... comprised of sets of two questions. Once this question is answered, it leads to another set of questions. Therefore a dichotomous key is a device for identifying organisms based on the answers to a series of questions, with each question involving alternate choices. ...
Rapid Propagation of the Medicinal Plant Pinellia ternata byin
Rapid Propagation of the Medicinal Plant Pinellia ternata byin

... expectorant (Kurata et al., 1998, 1999). ...
Distinct Roles of CONSTANS Target Genes in Reproductive
Distinct Roles of CONSTANS Target Genes in Reproductive

... floral meristem identity gene LEAFY (LFY ) and the flowering-time gene FT within 24 and 12 hours, respectively (9, 11). These experiments were repeated using shorter response times and including CYC (Fig. 1A). Two hours after DEX application in the presence of CYC, FT was induced from levels that we ...
THE MACHAIR FLORA FEBRUARY
THE MACHAIR FLORA FEBRUARY

... Lesser Celandine (Ficaria verna) is One of the first flowers to raise its head in the late winter is this hairless perennial plant. With its shiny, narrow yellow 8-12 petalled flowers (20-30mm across), it blooms in woods, by rivers, in hedge-banks and roadsides between February and May. From a carpe ...
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Plant ecology



This article is about the scientific discipline, for the journal see Plant EcologyPlant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology which studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among and between plants and other organisms. Examples of these are the distribution of temperate deciduous forests in North America, the effects of drought or flooding upon plant survival, and competition among desert plants for water, or effects of herds of grazing animals upon the composition of grasslands.A global overview of the Earth's major vegetation types is provided by O.W. Archibold. He recognizes 11 major vegetation types: tropical forests, tropical savannas, arid regions (deserts), Mediterranean ecosystems, temperate forest ecosystems, temperate grasslands, coniferous forests, tundra (both polar and high mountain), terrestrial wetlands, freshwater ecosystems and coastal/marine systems. This breadth of topics shows the complexity of plant ecology, since it includes plants from floating single-celled algae up to large canopy forming trees.One feature that defines plants is photosynthesis. One of the most important aspects of plant ecology is the role plants have played in creating the oxygenated atmosphere of earth, an event that occurred some 2 billion years ago. It can be dated by the deposition of banded iron formations, distinctive sedimentary rocks with large amounts of iron oxide. At the same time, plants began removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby initiating the process of controlling Earth's climate. A long term trend of the Earth has been toward increasing oxygen and decreasing carbon dioxide, and many other events in the Earths history, like the first movement of life onto land, are likely tied to this sequence of events.One of the early classic books on plant ecology was written by J.E. Weaver and F.E. Clements. It talks broadly about plant communities, and particularly the importance of forces like competition and processes like succession. Although some of the terminology is dated, this important book can still often be obtained in used book stores.Plant ecology can also be divided by levels of organization including plant ecophysiology, plant population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape ecology and biosphere ecology.The study of plants and vegetation is complicated by their form. First, most plants are rooted in the soil, which makes it difficult to observe and measure nutrient uptake and species interactions. Second, plants often reproduce vegetatively, that is asexually, in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish individual plants. Indeed, the very concept of an individual is doubtful, since even a tree may be regarded as a large collection of linked meristems. Hence, plant ecology and animal ecology have different styles of approach to problems that involve processes like reproduction, dispersal and mutualism. Some plant ecologists have placed considerable emphasis upon trying to treat plant populations as if they were animal populations, focusing on population ecology. Many other ecologists believe that while it is useful to draw upon population ecology to solve certain scientific problems, plants demand that ecologists work with multiple perspectives, appropriate to the problem, the scale and the situation.
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