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E2756 Great Lakes Wetlands
E2756 Great Lakes Wetlands

... Every wetland is characterized by a combination of factors, including vegetation type, soil type, and the amount and duration of soil saturation. In a wetland, abundant water fills soil pores, preventing oxygen from reaching plant roots. Unless plants have a special delivery mechanism to transport o ...
EVERGREEN Ornamental Trees for Home Gardens and
EVERGREEN Ornamental Trees for Home Gardens and

... drainage. 'Glauca Pendula' (20' T, 15' W) is a weeping form with blue needles. Native to Himalaya. Softer, lighter texture than other cedars. Lower branches sweep down to ground, upper branches lilt upwards, top nods. Avoid heavy clay soils and provide good drainage. Avoid underplanting. Needs space ...
reproduction and functional response of cornus florida across an
reproduction and functional response of cornus florida across an

... agricultural fragmentation resulted in a complete change in pollinators from native bees to invasive species for the tree Dinizia excelsa (Fabaceae). However, green spaces within the intensively urbanized areas of New York City maintained a widely diverse pollinator assemblage, with invasive or non- ...
Eight New Species of Mandevilla Lindley (Apocynaceae
Eight New Species of Mandevilla Lindley (Apocynaceae

... restricted to the quartzite outcrops of campo rupestre vegetation and four (M. dardanoi, M. fistulosa, M. grazielae, and M. harleyi) are narrow endemics endemic on inselbergs (large, isolated, dome-like granitic rock outcrops) of the Precambrian shields of Brazil, in Pernambuco in the northeast and ...
Identification and description
Identification and description

... feet, depending on variety and site conditions. Growth begins in April; however, the majority of growth occurs after June 1. Growing points are close to the ground until late summer (after seedhead has formed) when they are 2–4 inches above ground. Leaves are long, flat and rough along the margins. ...
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Common Name: PALE YELLOW TRILLIUM Scientific Name: Trillium

... and fruiting, the aboveground plant disappears, persisting through the late summer, fall, and winter as an underground rhizome. Seeds shed in the summer germinate the following spring and, within a year or two, send up a single, spatula-shaped seed leaf (cotyledon) for one year’s growing season. The ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
Sample pages 1 PDF

... CO2 enrichment is broadly beneficial for plant growth, although continuous exposure to elevated CO2 can have a negative impact on plant development. It has been observed that the C/N ratio is frequently higher in plants grown in elevated than in ambient CO2 (Baker et al. 1989; Foyer et al. 1994), wh ...
Newsletter - CE Tulare
Newsletter - CE Tulare

... absorbed when foliar sprayed they are not likely to make it down to the roots where they are also needed. Most nutrients will move freely in the water stream but the movement of many is restricted in the phloem, hence leaf applications don't meet the requirements of deficient trees. Occasionally maj ...
Ethnobotanical Studies of some Useful Shrubs and
Ethnobotanical Studies of some Useful Shrubs and

... February. Rains and snow occur during this season. People migrate from upper parts due to severe cold and remain in the lower part of the district till the melting of snow. ...
71 Denise Maurice, Manager, Technical Development – Crop Protection, AgricoreUnited, Regional... Calgary, AB, T2E 7A6 Email: New Weed Threats
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PDF - FloraBase - Department of Parks and Wildlife

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Physiological characterisation of plants with - diss.fu
Physiological characterisation of plants with - diss.fu

... Given a decrease in the aerial yield in the transformants, I next analyzed if they exhibited altered photosynthetic rates. In vivo fluorescence emission was measured using a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer in order to calculate relative electron transport rates (RETRs). When exposed to ...
Bromeliaceae - Bromeliad Society of Queensland
Bromeliaceae - Bromeliad Society of Queensland

... small enough crawl up and down the narrow groove produced by the up-rolled leaf blade. Because of this frequent association with ants, these species should be considered myrmecophytes -literally ant plants. These pseudo-bulb producing tillandsias with their inflated leaf bases, constricted at the ...
Podocarpus - Cherry Lake Tree Farm
Podocarpus - Cherry Lake Tree Farm

... to as Japanese Yew, Podocarpus is a tough, adaptable tree that is a very popular plant for screens and hedges. Podocarpus has a dense growth habit. It’s needle-like leaves are dark green above and paler beneath and reach five inches in length and about one forth of an inch in width. Fertilized femal ...
Common Groundsel: Senecio vulgaris L.
Common Groundsel: Senecio vulgaris L.

... have an altered reactive site on the chloroplast membrane. This difference, while saving the plant from triazine damage, also results in chloroplasts that are less efficient at gathering energy from light and fixing carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars. In general, susceptible plants are larger, f ...
Morphometry of the organs of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill
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... Three commercially available cherimoya cultivars (Campas, Burtons and White), one cultivar recently obtained and registered in Mexico (Cortés-II-31) and seven Mexican germplasm selections (S-196, S-256, S-260, S-266, S-9651, S-Selene and S-Carapan) were characterized by using the morphometric trait ...
Cold weather seed instructions
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... Some crops can take a long time to germinate. Carrots are famous for taking as long as three weeks. Don’t give up and replant too soon. If you have done everything else right, it is often just a matter of waiting. THIN CROPS THAT NEED TO BE THINNED Plants need room to grow! For some plants it is a g ...
growth and development in plants
growth and development in plants

... in size, biochemistry, structure and function of cells, tissues or organs. It refers to the processes by which distinct cell types arise from precursor cells and become different from each other. For example:Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, are differentiated from meristematic cells, procambium, ...
Yuhania: a unique angiosperm from the Middle
Yuhania: a unique angiosperm from the Middle

... adaxial parenchyma and spongy parenchyma above the abaxial epidermis (Figures 3(h), and S5(e), (f)). Possible insect damage is seen on some leaves (Figure 3(j)). At least six aggregate fruits and two flowers have been seen physically connected with the fossil (Figures 2(a), (f)–(h), 4(a), (d), (i), ...
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Plant Diversity I: Colonization by Land Plants

... • second largest group of gymnosperms • large cones and palmlike leaves • 130 species survive ...
Ch_ 23 _3_
Ch_ 23 _3_

... In monocots, clusters of xylem and phloem tissue, called vascular bundles, are scattered throughout the stem, as shown in the cross section below left. In most dicots and gymnosperms, vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder, or ring, as shown in the cross section below right. ...
Wild Plum and Chickasaw Plum
Wild Plum and Chickasaw Plum

... Fruit: ¾ inch to 1 inch (18 to 25 mm) diameter; frosted purple, blue, reddish, or yellow; edible, with a flat seed inside. Bark: thin or up to ½ inch (12 mm) thick, gray with faint whitish lenticels (horizontal marks), occasionally dark brown with reddish tinge; dark gray and rough or plate-like on ...
the stems - Montessori Research and Development
the stems - Montessori Research and Development

... The Terminal Bud Scale Scars - The terminal bud scale scars are the scars left on the twig by the scales that enclosed the terminal bud during the winter. The terminal bud scales fall off in the spring. Further down the stem are more terminal bud scale scars. They are from previous winters. The scar ...
Camellias - Garden Science
Camellias - Garden Science

... sclerotia in the soil or potential sclerotia in infected flowers from being transported along with the plant. It would be extremely effective if adopted, but home gardeners and many nurserymen often do not recognise that the pathogen is present when purchasing or transferring cuttings. Home gardener ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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