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Fall 2006 Qualifying Exam
Fall 2006 Qualifying Exam

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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... millenium B.C.), and it is an artefact in the museum of mathematics as it encapsulates the development of the concepts of negative numbers, irrationals, and the imaginary numbers. These concepts were not well-founded and taken for granted as they are today for more than three thousand years (at leas ...
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Honors Linear Algebra (Spring 2011) — Homework 5

Executing Complex Cognitive Tasks: Prizes vs. Markets
Executing Complex Cognitive Tasks: Prizes vs. Markets

... In an experimental environment, we address the issue of solving complex problems in a social context. How does the institutional setup of social interactions foster the intellectual discovery of a group of agents? Traditional economic theories have addressed this question from two perspectives. Int ...
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Computational complexity theory



Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science and mathematics that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm.A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do.Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources. In turn, imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory: the latter theory asks what kind of problems can, in principle, be solved algorithmically.
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