Origin of high Mg# andesite and the continental crust
... H M A and the continental crust. Alternatively, small degree melts of metabasalt and/or metasediment in the subducting slab may leave rutile in their residue, and will thus have large Nb depletions relative to K and La [2]. Slab melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible ...
... H M A and the continental crust. Alternatively, small degree melts of metabasalt and/or metasediment in the subducting slab may leave rutile in their residue, and will thus have large Nb depletions relative to K and La [2]. Slab melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible ...
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... into the northern margin of the Haya terrane. If this interpretation is correct, then the >800-Ma ages obtained for these samples do not constrain the timing of deformation in the Nakasib suture. The samples analyzed for this study are representative of all but the syenitic suite, which is a minor a ...
... into the northern margin of the Haya terrane. If this interpretation is correct, then the >800-Ma ages obtained for these samples do not constrain the timing of deformation in the Nakasib suture. The samples analyzed for this study are representative of all but the syenitic suite, which is a minor a ...
Geological History of Canada - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... in Canada, is underlain by the exposed part of the ancient core or craton of North America; this exposed part is called the Canadian Shield and consists predominantly of very old, Archean and Proterozoic rocks (figure 20.3A, B). These rocks range in age from 4 billion to approximately 1 billion year ...
... in Canada, is underlain by the exposed part of the ancient core or craton of North America; this exposed part is called the Canadian Shield and consists predominantly of very old, Archean and Proterozoic rocks (figure 20.3A, B). These rocks range in age from 4 billion to approximately 1 billion year ...
Exam 2 powerpoint review
... D. Dating minerals in rocks C. Radioactive decay 1. Decay rates of radioactive atoms are constant 2. Half Life: time it takes for half the atoms of the parent isotope to decay, ranges from tens of billions of years to thousandths of a second. ...
... D. Dating minerals in rocks C. Radioactive decay 1. Decay rates of radioactive atoms are constant 2. Half Life: time it takes for half the atoms of the parent isotope to decay, ranges from tens of billions of years to thousandths of a second. ...
earthscope magnetic data reveal buried resources and an ancient
... Bedrosian was also able to distinguish even older sedimentary features, ones that play a critical role in the development of mineral resources in the area. "Within the resistivity model, we see electrically ...
... Bedrosian was also able to distinguish even older sedimentary features, ones that play a critical role in the development of mineral resources in the area. "Within the resistivity model, we see electrically ...
Magma Type and Plate Margins
... Pyroclastic deposits: Ash Pyroclastic flow deposit Large blocks close to the vent ...
... Pyroclastic deposits: Ash Pyroclastic flow deposit Large blocks close to the vent ...
ch09
... folding and other deformation during a mountain building cycle. Also known as an orogen. Grenville orogenic belt - An arcuate orogenic region that developed 1.3 to 1.0 billion years ago and that affected an extensive area of present-day North America and adjacent regions. ...
... folding and other deformation during a mountain building cycle. Also known as an orogen. Grenville orogenic belt - An arcuate orogenic region that developed 1.3 to 1.0 billion years ago and that affected an extensive area of present-day North America and adjacent regions. ...
Plate Tectonics Section 3 The Supercontinent
... Effects of Continental Change • Modern climates are a result of past movements of tectonic plates. When continents move, the flow of air and moisture around the globe changes and causes climates to change. • Geologic evidence shows that ice once covered most of Earth’s continental surfaces. As conti ...
... Effects of Continental Change • Modern climates are a result of past movements of tectonic plates. When continents move, the flow of air and moisture around the globe changes and causes climates to change. • Geologic evidence shows that ice once covered most of Earth’s continental surfaces. As conti ...
BCS311 Module 3
... carried by glaciers have been deposited on the rock surface. Mountain ranges are located along the uplifted eastern margin of the Canadian Shield: the Torngat Mountains in Labrador and the Davis Highlands of Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands (Figure 3.2b). These mountains have been eroded by glaci ...
... carried by glaciers have been deposited on the rock surface. Mountain ranges are located along the uplifted eastern margin of the Canadian Shield: the Torngat Mountains in Labrador and the Davis Highlands of Baffin, Devon and Ellesmere Islands (Figure 3.2b). These mountains have been eroded by glaci ...
Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth
... An accretionary wedge is a chaotic accumulation of deformed and thrustfaulted sediments and scraps of oceanic crust Prolonged subduction may thicken an accretionary wedge enough so it protrudes above sea level ...
... An accretionary wedge is a chaotic accumulation of deformed and thrustfaulted sediments and scraps of oceanic crust Prolonged subduction may thicken an accretionary wedge enough so it protrudes above sea level ...
The role of mafic magmatism in age specification of Devonian
... of this injection type is generated by the interaction of magmatic melt and a siltstone layer (Fig. 3C, D). The siltstone is thermally altered to a rock with a porcelaneous texture. One problem with these features, however, is that the upper contacts of the bedded bodies are usually poorly preserved ...
... of this injection type is generated by the interaction of magmatic melt and a siltstone layer (Fig. 3C, D). The siltstone is thermally altered to a rock with a porcelaneous texture. One problem with these features, however, is that the upper contacts of the bedded bodies are usually poorly preserved ...
Ocean Crust - The University of Southern Mississippi
... (a) massive gabbro above (b) underlain by layered gabbro sills and metagabbros (amphibolite metamorphic [alteration] facies) (4) transition to mantle of layered gabbros intruded into dunite-peridotite rocks typical of the mantle. g. Evidence from dredging, submersible observations, and DSDP/ODP dril ...
... (a) massive gabbro above (b) underlain by layered gabbro sills and metagabbros (amphibolite metamorphic [alteration] facies) (4) transition to mantle of layered gabbros intruded into dunite-peridotite rocks typical of the mantle. g. Evidence from dredging, submersible observations, and DSDP/ODP dril ...
Pfurr et al_Thrust tectonics_SMZ
... The felsic volcanics within the sequence have been distinguished according to their mineralogical composition into Na- to K-rich volcanics. Red-grey to red layers are intermediate to K-rich volcanics. They show a laminated porphyroblastic texture. The porphyrobalasts are microcline, albite and quart ...
... The felsic volcanics within the sequence have been distinguished according to their mineralogical composition into Na- to K-rich volcanics. Red-grey to red layers are intermediate to K-rich volcanics. They show a laminated porphyroblastic texture. The porphyrobalasts are microcline, albite and quart ...
Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
... Igneous rocks are called intrusive when they cool and solidify beneath the surface. Intrusive rocks form plutons and so are also called plutonic. A pluton is an igneous intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust. When magma cools within the Earth, the cooling proceeds slowly. Slow cooling allo ...
... Igneous rocks are called intrusive when they cool and solidify beneath the surface. Intrusive rocks form plutons and so are also called plutonic. A pluton is an igneous intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust. When magma cools within the Earth, the cooling proceeds slowly. Slow cooling allo ...
Metamorphic minerals
... Chlorite + muscovite === staurolite + biotite + quartz + H2O (dehydration) Staurolite + muscovite + quartz === sillimanite + biotite + H2O (higher T & P) Calcite + quartz === wollastonite + CO2 (decarbonation) ...
... Chlorite + muscovite === staurolite + biotite + quartz + H2O (dehydration) Staurolite + muscovite + quartz === sillimanite + biotite + H2O (higher T & P) Calcite + quartz === wollastonite + CO2 (decarbonation) ...
Unit: Physical Geology
... o The oxide group of minerals is composed of oxygen and a metal. Some common oxides include hematite and magnetite. o Minerals are important to human wealth and welfare. ES. 5 o Rocks can be identified on the basis of mineral content and texture. o The processes by which rocks are formed define the ...
... o The oxide group of minerals is composed of oxygen and a metal. Some common oxides include hematite and magnetite. o Minerals are important to human wealth and welfare. ES. 5 o Rocks can be identified on the basis of mineral content and texture. o The processes by which rocks are formed define the ...
Chapter 11: Continental Margin Types and Divergent Margins
... a. The new continental margins begin to be covered by debris eroded from the continent interior. At first it fills the graben of the newly rifted margin. Then when these are filled it spills over the shelf edge. The cover becomes thicker and thicker with increasing age. b. Continued onlap of marine ...
... a. The new continental margins begin to be covered by debris eroded from the continent interior. At first it fills the graben of the newly rifted margin. Then when these are filled it spills over the shelf edge. The cover becomes thicker and thicker with increasing age. b. Continued onlap of marine ...
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... 2. The “Coral Reef City” lives in balance with the “Suburbs” -seagrass beds and mangrove forests (estuaries) that are usually located closer to shore. Seagrass and mangrove ecosystems serve as nurseries for many fish and shellfish species which later migrate to reefs; many reef creatures spent their ...
... 2. The “Coral Reef City” lives in balance with the “Suburbs” -seagrass beds and mangrove forests (estuaries) that are usually located closer to shore. Seagrass and mangrove ecosystems serve as nurseries for many fish and shellfish species which later migrate to reefs; many reef creatures spent their ...
1 Crustal Structure, Isostasy, and Rheology Introduction This lecture
... The yield-strength-envelope formulation will also be used in the following lecture on flexure. It provides an explanation for the increase in the thickness of the elastic layer as the lithosphere ages and cools. In addition, it is used to understand the depth of oceanic trenches. The first moment of ...
... The yield-strength-envelope formulation will also be used in the following lecture on flexure. It provides an explanation for the increase in the thickness of the elastic layer as the lithosphere ages and cools. In addition, it is used to understand the depth of oceanic trenches. The first moment of ...
Folds and Foliation
... fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France) ...
... fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France) ...
Structural Geology, Holloway Mine, Abitibi
... The history of exploration in this area is long. Most information gathered for this section was gleaned from internal BMC reports by Broughton et al. (1991) and government reports of Satterly (1953). The first prospectors known to have explored in the area were in 1907-1908, when Russell Cryderman, ...
... The history of exploration in this area is long. Most information gathered for this section was gleaned from internal BMC reports by Broughton et al. (1991) and government reports of Satterly (1953). The first prospectors known to have explored in the area were in 1907-1908, when Russell Cryderman, ...
Plate Boundaries There are 3 primary types of Tectonic Plate
... their borders, tremendous energies are unleashed resulting in tremors that transform Earth’s surface. While all the plates appear to be moving at different relative speeds and independently of each other, the whole jigsaw puzzle of plates is interconnected. No single plate can move without affecting ...
... their borders, tremendous energies are unleashed resulting in tremors that transform Earth’s surface. While all the plates appear to be moving at different relative speeds and independently of each other, the whole jigsaw puzzle of plates is interconnected. No single plate can move without affecting ...
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... of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or m ...
... of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or m ...
Divergent boundaries
... along their borders, tremendous energies are unleashed resulting in tremors that transform Earth’s surface. While all the plates appear to be moving at different relative speeds and independently of each other, the whole jigsaw puzzle of plates is interconnected. No single plate can move without aff ...
... along their borders, tremendous energies are unleashed resulting in tremors that transform Earth’s surface. While all the plates appear to be moving at different relative speeds and independently of each other, the whole jigsaw puzzle of plates is interconnected. No single plate can move without aff ...
Great Lakes tectonic zone
The Great Lakes tectonic zone is bounded by South Dakota at its tip and heads northeast to south of Duluth, Minnesota, then heads east through northern Wisconsin, Marquette, Michigan, and then trends more northeasterly to skim the northern-most shores of lakes Michigan and Huron before ending in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, area.During the Late Archean Era the Algoman orogeny added landmass to the Superior province by volcanic activity and continental collision along a boundary that stretches from present-day South Dakota, U.S., into the Lake Huron region near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.This crustal boundary is the Great Lakes tectonic zone. It is 1,400 km (870 mi) long, and separates the older Archean gneissic terrane to the south from younger Late Archean greenstone-granite terrane to the north.The zone is characterized by active compression during the Algoman orogeny (about 2,700 million years ago), a pulling-apart (extensional) tectonics (2,450 to 2,100 million years ago), a second compression during the Penokean orogeny (1,900 to 1,850 million years ago), a second extension during Middle Proterozoic time (1,600 million years ago) and minor reactivation during Phanerozoic time (the past 500 million years).Collision began along the Great Lakes tectonic zone (GLTZ) with the Algoman mountain-building event and continued for tens of millions of years. During the formation of the GLTZ, the gneissic Minnesota River Valley subprovince was thrust up onto the Superior province's edge as it consumed the Superior province's oceanic crust. Fragmentation of the Kenorland supercontinent began 2,450 million years ago and was completed by 2,100 million years ago. The Wyoming province is the continental landmass that is hypothesized to have rifted away from the southern Superior province portion of Kenorland, before moving rapidly west and docking with the Laurentia supercontinent 1,850 to 1,715 million years ago. Sedimentation from the GLTZ-rifting environment continued into the Penokean orogeny, which is the next major tectonic event in the Great Lakes region. Several earthquakes have been documented in Minnesota, Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Sudbury in the last 120 years along the GLTZ.