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The Immune System
The Immune System

...  Unprotected sex (includes anal sex) ...
SGOs - Pierce College
SGOs - Pierce College

... 48. Why can antibodies attach to antigens on pathogens in blood or lymph but not to antigens on pathogens in solid tissues? 49. From what two sources can antibodies be passively obtained? Why are breast-fed babies healthier (less sick) than formula-fed babies? 50. How can antibodies be actively obta ...
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity

... environmental factors are also relevant but are not well defined. There has been a lot of recent progress in understanding the influence of inheritance on autoimmune disease. A key observation is that susceptibility to autoimmune disease is influenced by a large number of polymorphic genes. These ha ...
Document
Document

... environmental factors are also relevant but are not well defined. There has been a lot of recent progress in understanding the influence of inheritance on autoimmune disease. A key observation is that susceptibility to autoimmune disease is influenced by a large number of polymorphic genes. These ha ...
Gender Dermatology - The 2nd World Congress on Gender Specific
Gender Dermatology - The 2nd World Congress on Gender Specific

... Exacerbation of lupus with pregnancy, postpartum, exogenous estrogen. Males with Kleinfelter’s syndrome develop SLE. Hypoandrogenism is found in some males with SLE. ...
Chapter 18 Textbook Review pg. 621-622 (#1
Chapter 18 Textbook Review pg. 621-622 (#1

... B cells produce antibodies in response to specific antigens on pathogens; antibodies attach to antigens and prevent the pathogens from attacking cells. (14) Describe two ways in which active immunity is acquired. What do they have in common? Active immunity is acquired when a person contracts a dise ...
Document
Document

... C. Passive ...
Lecture 14 - Harford Community College
Lecture 14 - Harford Community College

... • Early successful vaccines cultured in animals • With cell culture- could make vaccines that would not grow on anything but human cells • Some vaccines do not need cell culturerecombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines • Plant potential source for vaccines • In future- possibility for vaccines to treat ...
Skin and Mucus: Pathogens-Away!
Skin and Mucus: Pathogens-Away!

... active immunity  Naturally acquired  occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response  Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen (vaccine stimulates ...
Media Release
Media Release

... development and release of proinflammatory T cells from the intestinal wall to other areas in the body, including the brain. This caused more severe disease in the mice. On the contrary, shortchain fatty acids, such as propionate, promoted the development and propagation of regulatory T cells that k ...
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN PROGRAM

... I accept participation in the vaccination series and have not yet been vaccinated. Take a copy of this form to the Student Health Care Center (see info below) to begin the vaccination series. Jacksonville personnel go to the Employee’s Health Office, Suite 505 Tower 1, 5th floor, 8th and Jefferson S ...
Disease Test - bms8thgradescience
Disease Test - bms8thgradescience

... For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don't respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don't destroy every germ they target. Germs that survive treatmen ...
Chapter 21 - Vaccines
Chapter 21 - Vaccines

... • Maternally derived antibodies are antibodies that offspring receive passively from their mothers, either from colostrum or via the placenta • Maternally derived antibodies give the offspring disease resistance for a few days and provide variable antibody levels for up to nine weeks • To enhance th ...
Adaptive immune response
Adaptive immune response

... encountered antigen and changed phenotype as a result of stimulation  Phenotypically defined memory cells are shown to divide more rapidly than naïve cells  There are constraints on the duration of memory ...
ninth lecture
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... Macrophages are long-lived cells, containing lysosomes and unlike neutrophils, they have mitochondria. They also have several basic functions – phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells to initiate specific immune responses and secretion of cytokines to activate and promote innate and immune re ...
Animal Diseases
Animal Diseases

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Animal Diseases
Animal Diseases

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HEPATITIS B VACCINATION DECLINATION FORM  Date:
HEPATITIS B VACCINATION DECLINATION FORM Date:

... I understand that due to my occupational exposure to blood or other potential infectious materials I may be at risk of acquiring Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. I have been given the opportunity to be vaccinated with Hepatitis B vaccine, at no charge to myself. However, I decline the Hepatitis B ...
Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity

... First line – non-specific immunity - interferons (INF, inhibition of virus replication) and NK cells Antibodies Th2 – B lympho co-operation mucous IgA – blockage of adherence onto epithelium (Respiratory viruses, enteroviruses) in circulation – neutralisating Ab – IgG and IgM, C system activation, ...
Figure 14-10 - University of Belgrade
Figure 14-10 - University of Belgrade

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Homework 5
Homework 5

... 4. Compare a primary immune response to a secondary immune response. 5. What does a vaccination do? How is this different from an infection by the same microbe? 6. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? Do you die from HIV? Why or why not? ...
Immunotherapy and Prevention
Immunotherapy and Prevention

... phenol. Inactivated virus vaccines used in humans include those against rabies (animals sometimes receive a live vaccine considered too hazardous for humans), influenza, and polio (the Salk poliovaccine). Inactivated bacterial vaccines include those for pneumococcal pneumonia and cholera. Several lo ...
Blood and Immunity Review
Blood and Immunity Review

... against the measles? Vaccine is injected. The body produces antibodies and memory cells. Antibodies attach to antigens on the pathogen to help kill the pathogen. Memory cells remain in your blood to “remember” the pathogen. ...
of innate immunity
of innate immunity

... foreign antigens by specific lymphocytes. - Provide more potent, specific (Ag), & broad protection - Develop immune memory for the next exposure - Feedback regulate innate immunity ...
PRESS RELEASE 2011-10-03 The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
PRESS RELEASE 2011-10-03 The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

... Jules Hoffmann made his pioneering discovery in 1996, when he and his co-workers investigated how fruit flies combat infections. They had access to flies with mutations in several different genes including Toll, a gene previously found to be involved in embryonal development by Christiane Nüsslein-V ...
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Herd immunity



Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune. In a population in which a large number of individuals are immune, chains of infection are likely to be disrupted, which stops or slows the spread of disease. The greater the proportion of individuals in a community who are immune, the smaller the probability that those who are not immune will come into contact with an infectious individual.Individual immunity can be gained through recovering from a natural infection or through artificial means such as vaccination. Some individuals cannot become immune due to medical reasons and in this group herd immunity is an important method of protection. Once a certain threshold has been reached, herd immunity will gradually eliminate a disease from a population. This elimination, if achieved worldwide, may result in the permanent reduction in the number of infections to zero, called eradication. This method was used for the eradication of smallpox in 1977 and for the regional elimination of other diseases. Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious, meaning that they can be transmitted from one individual to another. Tetanus, for example, is infectious but not contagious, so herd immunity does not apply.The term herd immunity was first used in 1923. It was recognized as a naturally occurring phenomenon in the 1930s when it was observed that after a significant number of children had become immune to measles, the number of new infections temporarily decreased, including among susceptible children. Mass vaccination to induce herd immunity has since become common and proved successful in preventing the spread of many infectious diseases. Opposition to vaccination has posed a challenge to herd immunity, allowing preventable diseases to persist in or return to communities that have inadequate vaccination rates.
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