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corpus-based cognitive semantics a contrastive
corpus-based cognitive semantics a contrastive

... Within the class of empirical approaches, two strands can be distinguished, depending on whether the data used in the analysis are elicited or non-elicited. Prime examples of cognitive lexical semantics based on experimental data are Sandra and Rice (1995) as well as Rice (1996) who present lexical ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... • We have changed the main verb to the passive form, thereby removing the external q-role, leaving us with this DS for – The sandwich was eaten. ...
A Brief Writing and Grammar Guide
A Brief Writing and Grammar Guide

... DS, and other things they see their friends have. Sure my job at the major department store helps me to provide their needs, but we cannot do much else. I am living paycheck to paycheck. At times, I have had to ask for help from family members and friends. While I appreciate the help that they willi ...
painless english – lesson 002 – pronouns
painless english – lesson 002 – pronouns

... The demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) standin for the name of a person, place, or thing that must be pointed to. In fact you can call these pointer pronouns and you can use them to point to the person, place, or thing that you are talking or writing about. The demonstrative pronouns ...
Inanimate nouns as subjects in Mi`gmaq
Inanimate nouns as subjects in Mi`gmaq

... Mi’gmaq speaker was also bilingual in English, but grew up speaking Mi’gmaq. After showing these videos, I asked follow-up questions where I varied the plurality of the subjects and objects. I also showed participants pictures, asking them to describe events with one-sentence answers. This section d ...
1 In Press, Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Discourse
1 In Press, Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Discourse

... such as the object nominal in Mary ate what John cooked. Free relatives are simply nominals with reference, not indirect questions. The forms of the two overlap only partially in English, but not necessarily in other languages. For instance, in English the wh-form how many appears in indirect questi ...
Look at the picture below. Which of the following statements are
Look at the picture below. Which of the following statements are

... I like reading and swimming Which of these sentences is wrong? R My aunt live with her cousins in their house My father is an executive consultant. R What does your father do? At what time do you eat lunch? R I eat lunch at 12:30 When is your birthday? R My birthday is at July Im 29 years old R How ...
gems: a model of sentence production
gems: a model of sentence production

... indicate the linkings among units within a single lexical entry.) These propositional units represent the semantic content of a lexical entry. They are called semantic units (SU). Even though the SUs of an entry may be more than one, we will represent the semantic content of the entries with a singl ...
COMMA ERRORS
COMMA ERRORS

... together with a comma. Such as -We could prove we’d spent the whole day at the beach, we had the sunburn to prove it! But what you’ve got there is a comma splice, which is a “no-no.” In the case of the above sentences, you could fix the “no-no” in one of three ways: ...
Document
Document

... a) The model, not only offers a mechanism for SYNTACTIC analysis, but also incorporates the SEMANTIC information (dependency analysis). b) Indian languages have a relatively free word order, hence a dependency grammar based approach would be better suited for sentence analysis. The Paninian grammati ...
Paradigmatic uniformity and markedness
Paradigmatic uniformity and markedness

... leveling? Why is one alternant generalized while another is replaced? These are crucial questions for any account of paradigm structure and diachrony.2 The optimization question in (2a) bears directly on the theme of this volume. In numerous languages many paradigms are non-alternating; language cha ...
Chapter 8 The verb complex
Chapter 8 The verb complex

... 8.4 Adverbial-like functions of verb serialisation The verb core often consists of a single verb. However, verbs may also combine in serial constructions. The causative and mutual markers discussed in 8.3 modify individual verbs, regardless of whether the verb occurs in a serial construction, or whe ...
CHAPTER III HOW "FORM CLASSES" STUDY HELPS THE
CHAPTER III HOW "FORM CLASSES" STUDY HELPS THE

... using the words at the end of them in order to complete those sentences. T were allowed to change the parts of speech of the words at the end of the s In part 2, the researcher provided questions like: "We always have a bed ready in the spare room in case visitors arrive .... The respondents should ...
Document
Document

... A node is labeled as a maximal projection (XP) if there are no more strong features left to check. Notice that v has [uInfl:] even when we’re finished with it and Merge it with the next head up (M, Perf, Prog, Neg, or T). But we still want there to be a vP.  C-selection features (like the [uN*] fea ...
Verbal stem space and verb to noun conversion in French - Hal-SHS
Verbal stem space and verb to noun conversion in French - Hal-SHS

... Since the alternations observed between the verb and the noun in some instances of conversion are the same as the stem allomorphies observed within the inflection of certain lexemes, we can build on proposals for dealing with stem allomorphy in order to account for the dissimilarity between the base ...
Passive Resistance in Spanish
Passive Resistance in Spanish

... ~ Spanish and English appear to be similar in having parallel passive constructions (be / ser + past participle), but the circumstances in which these can be used are quite different. ~ Spanish actually has a number of constructions which qualify to be called passives in the sense that the subject o ...
3. - DROPS
3. - DROPS

... Pronouns can have tonic or atonic forms. Atonic forms are prone to cliticization, when they are moved next to a verb. For this exercise we are interested in the atonic forms, because they are the most problematic to students, since they have more complex restrictions (involving a high number of feat ...
A typology of subject marker and object marker systems in African
A typology of subject marker and object marker systems in African

... used only to refer to an entity that is not represented by a noun phrase in the same clause. Stage II pronominal markers are obligatory, even if a noun phrase or a free pronoun referring to the same entity is present in subject or object function, whereas the corresponding noun phrases or free prono ...
The Syntax of Small Clause Predication
The Syntax of Small Clause Predication

... Now, going back to the external argument of the lexical head X, we can see in (1) that this argument has to be null in a CSCl, that is, it must be either a PRO or a pro. The former will show up if this argument cannot check Case within the functional domain of X, namely somewhere between the XP-proj ...
AT Iriskulov Theoretical Grammar of English
AT Iriskulov Theoretical Grammar of English

... The grammatical signals have a meaning of their own independent of the meaning of the notional words. This can be illustrated by the following sentence with nonsensical words: Woggles ugged diggles. According to Ch. Fries (32) the morphological and the syntactic signals in the given sentence make us ...
The Story of Preposition Addition: The Transition from RyanJ.
The Story of Preposition Addition: The Transition from RyanJ.

... literature, and therefore have more sources to collect unambiguous data from. I am not terribly limited in finding trends, because trends should be more or less present in all the texts. But when it comes to finding, for example, archaic uses of pces in early modern Russian, I must step aside to my ...
etc., of a sentence in respect to their entry into it: X 2 Y means that X
etc., of a sentence in respect to their entry into it: X 2 Y means that X

... Another extreme case is that of wor
THE INTERPRETATION OF TENSE AND ASPECT IN ENGLISH
THE INTERPRETATION OF TENSE AND ASPECT IN ENGLISH

... to adopting times as relevant for the interpretation of sentences: given a sentence like 'John was frosting a cake from 3:00 to 4:00 yesterday', we know about the progressive reference point only that it lies between 3:00 and 4:00; there are infinitely many instants satisfying that condition. It wou ...
A Grammar of Ts’amakko Graziano Savà
A Grammar of Ts’amakko Graziano Savà

... 1.1. The Ts’amakko people The Ts’amakko live in southwest Ethiopia, in the plain of the Weyt’o River (Dullayko in Ts’amakko) and on the edges of the mountains delimiting the plain. The territory, located between 5˚10’ and 5˚40’ north latitude, and 36˚40’ and 37˚05’ east longitude, is limited to the ...
north of phonology a dissertation submitted to the
north of phonology a dissertation submitted to the

... The author proposes the Theory of Connected Word Constructions (TCWC), a generative theory of morphology, focusing on phonic, rather than semantic, structure. It is unique by its reductionist nature and integration of the lexicon inside the morphological constraints. The constraints, or Connected Wo ...
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Icelandic grammar

Icelandic is an inflected language with four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Icelandic nouns can have one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in four cases and two numbers, singular and plural.
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