Chapter 3 The ionosphere of the Earth
... the dominant ions below 150 km. At greater heights O ions are more abundant and the number of H+ ions starts to increase rapidly above 300 km. D-region (not shown) contains negative and positive ions and ion clusters. The distribution of ions depends on solar and magnetospheric activity. The tempera ...
... the dominant ions below 150 km. At greater heights O ions are more abundant and the number of H+ ions starts to increase rapidly above 300 km. D-region (not shown) contains negative and positive ions and ion clusters. The distribution of ions depends on solar and magnetospheric activity. The tempera ...
Book of Abstracts
... solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have widely been investigated. The aim is to find an electrolyte with enhanced stability over a wide temperature range with the ionic conductivity high enough at intermediate temperatures in order to reduce the operating temperature of SOFCs. The high temperature δ-Bi2 ...
... solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have widely been investigated. The aim is to find an electrolyte with enhanced stability over a wide temperature range with the ionic conductivity high enough at intermediate temperatures in order to reduce the operating temperature of SOFCs. The high temperature δ-Bi2 ...
Electronic structure and electric-field gradient analysis in Ce In 3
... the physical quantities that we shall discuss them in subsequent sections. We have then included the SOC in the FM phase, which we call the “FM+ SOC” phase. The result shows that including SOC gives rise to a reduction of 14.60 states/ Ry from FM to FM+ SOC. The DOS共EF兲 shows a total reduction of 47 ...
... the physical quantities that we shall discuss them in subsequent sections. We have then included the SOC in the FM phase, which we call the “FM+ SOC” phase. The result shows that including SOC gives rise to a reduction of 14.60 states/ Ry from FM to FM+ SOC. The DOS共EF兲 shows a total reduction of 47 ...
Generation of Attosecond X-ray and gamma
... The detail of the calculation methods for the dynamics and the radiation are described in [19, 20, 21]. The interactions among the electrons are ignored because the laser field is much stronger. The Thomson-scatterd radiation is calculated using formula derived by Brown and Hartman [22]. The radiate ...
... The detail of the calculation methods for the dynamics and the radiation are described in [19, 20, 21]. The interactions among the electrons are ignored because the laser field is much stronger. The Thomson-scatterd radiation is calculated using formula derived by Brown and Hartman [22]. The radiate ...
Electron acceleration due to small pulses in shock waves in
... such that ␥ ⬎ 100, where ␥ is the Lorentz factor.11 Some electrons are reflected in the end of the main pulse region of the shock wave. They are then trapped and energized in the wave. This acceleration occurs in rather strong magnetic fields such that 兩⍀e 兩 / pe ⲏ 1 and is particularly strong whe ...
... such that ␥ ⬎ 100, where ␥ is the Lorentz factor.11 Some electrons are reflected in the end of the main pulse region of the shock wave. They are then trapped and energized in the wave. This acceleration occurs in rather strong magnetic fields such that 兩⍀e 兩 / pe ⲏ 1 and is particularly strong whe ...
Electronic Structure and Exchange Integrals of Low
... The essential di erence between all these cuprates composed of copper-oxygen plaquettes is the varying connection between the plaquettes. Corresponding to the connection, these compounds can be classi ed as zero-, one-, two- and threedimensional systems with respect to the electronic structure (see ...
... The essential di erence between all these cuprates composed of copper-oxygen plaquettes is the varying connection between the plaquettes. Corresponding to the connection, these compounds can be classi ed as zero-, one-, two- and threedimensional systems with respect to the electronic structure (see ...
Electric-field control of the band gap and Fermi energy in graphene
... integer quantum Hall effect was observed.1,4 It was concluded that a single graphene layer has a k-linear Dirac-like spectrum1,4,5 while quasi-two dimensional highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has both parabolic and Dirac-like dispersion with massless electrons.6 Theoretical and experimental invest ...
... integer quantum Hall effect was observed.1,4 It was concluded that a single graphene layer has a k-linear Dirac-like spectrum1,4,5 while quasi-two dimensional highly oriented pyrolytic graphite has both parabolic and Dirac-like dispersion with massless electrons.6 Theoretical and experimental invest ...
Application of inelastic X-ray scattering to the
... shock-wave compression, or dynamical acoustic vibration (ranging from MHz to GHz frequency range). Among them, we mention the following: • Shock measurements: measurements of the compressional wave velocities under shock compression along the Hugoniot in iron (Brown and McQueen, 1986), forsterite to ...
... shock-wave compression, or dynamical acoustic vibration (ranging from MHz to GHz frequency range). Among them, we mention the following: • Shock measurements: measurements of the compressional wave velocities under shock compression along the Hugoniot in iron (Brown and McQueen, 1986), forsterite to ...
Charged null fluid and the weak energy condition
... decrease, and eventually the black hole may even disappear [2]. This process was used in [4] as a classical model for the geometry of evaporating charged black holes. For an inflow situation, the null fluid comes from large r values, so that initially all the shells have r > rc(u). The central quest ...
... decrease, and eventually the black hole may even disappear [2]. This process was used in [4] as a classical model for the geometry of evaporating charged black holes. For an inflow situation, the null fluid comes from large r values, so that initially all the shells have r > rc(u). The central quest ...
Quasilinear saturation of the aperiodic ordinary mode
... Seough et al. [Phys. Plasmas 22, 082122 (2015)]. This instability provides a plausible mechanism for the origin of dominating, two-dimensional spectrum of transverse magnetic fluctuations observed in the solar wind. Stimulated by the differential motion of electron counterstreams the O mode instabil ...
... Seough et al. [Phys. Plasmas 22, 082122 (2015)]. This instability provides a plausible mechanism for the origin of dominating, two-dimensional spectrum of transverse magnetic fluctuations observed in the solar wind. Stimulated by the differential motion of electron counterstreams the O mode instabil ...
Landau Theory of Phase Transitions
... The first part of this course (which should be about 5 lectures) covers Landau theory of phases and phase transitions. This is the only part of my lectures which are required for C6. The lecture notes for this part of the course should be fairly thorough – and the course should be fairly similar to ...
... The first part of this course (which should be about 5 lectures) covers Landau theory of phases and phase transitions. This is the only part of my lectures which are required for C6. The lecture notes for this part of the course should be fairly thorough – and the course should be fairly similar to ...
Density of states
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In solid-state and condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of states per interval of energy at each energy level that are available to be occupied. Unlike isolated systems, like atoms or molecules in gas phase, the density distributions are not discrete like a spectral density but continuous. A high DOS at a specific energy level means that there are many states available for occupation. A DOS of zero means that no states can be occupied at that energy level. In general a DOS is an average over the space and time domains occupied by the system. Localvariations, most often due to distortions of the original system, are often called local density of states (LDOS). If the DOS of an undisturbedsystem is zero, the LDOS can locally be non-zero due to the presence of a local potential.