Quantum Theory of Atomic and Molecular Structures and Interactions
... The most basic results of the HF and post-HF methods are calculations of the energy of the system. In the case of an atom, this would correspond to the energy levels of the electrons. For diatomic molecules, the resulting calculations can produce a potential energy surface (PES) as a function of int ...
... The most basic results of the HF and post-HF methods are calculations of the energy of the system. In the case of an atom, this would correspond to the energy levels of the electrons. For diatomic molecules, the resulting calculations can produce a potential energy surface (PES) as a function of int ...
Theory of Many-Particle Systems
... Throughout this course we’ll make use of “Green functions”. These are nothing but the expectation value of a product of operators evaluated at different times. There is a number of important ways in which Green functions are defined and there are important relations between the different definitions ...
... Throughout this course we’ll make use of “Green functions”. These are nothing but the expectation value of a product of operators evaluated at different times. There is a number of important ways in which Green functions are defined and there are important relations between the different definitions ...
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in and around
... pe = ne kTe . This difference comes from the state-of-phase transition at Te = TF condition where the thermal energy is equal to the Fermi energy expressed by the Fermi temperature TF ; in the cases of metals, Te < TF and metals are in the quantum phase in the category of electron gases (Isihara, 19 ...
... pe = ne kTe . This difference comes from the state-of-phase transition at Te = TF condition where the thermal energy is equal to the Fermi energy expressed by the Fermi temperature TF ; in the cases of metals, Te < TF and metals are in the quantum phase in the category of electron gases (Isihara, 19 ...
∫ ∫
... independent of the applied voltage since the barrier is independent of the band bending4 in the semiconductor and equal to φ B. Therefore it can be evaluated at any voltage. For Va = 0 the total current must be zero, yielding the -1 term. The expression for the current due to thermionic emission can ...
... independent of the applied voltage since the barrier is independent of the band bending4 in the semiconductor and equal to φ B. Therefore it can be evaluated at any voltage. For Va = 0 the total current must be zero, yielding the -1 term. The expression for the current due to thermionic emission can ...
Intermolecular interactions
... For a real gas with low number density (n = N/V small) an approximate expression can be obtained for the configurational partition function. Take the average potential energy with β = 1/kT , which satisfies the following ...
... For a real gas with low number density (n = N/V small) an approximate expression can be obtained for the configurational partition function. Take the average potential energy with β = 1/kT , which satisfies the following ...
a revised electromagnetic theory with fundamental applications
... Maxwell’s equations in the vacuum state have served as a guideline and basis in the development of quantum electrodynamics (QED). As pointed out by Feynman, however, there are important areas within which conventional electromagnetic theory and its combination with quantum mechanics does not provide ...
... Maxwell’s equations in the vacuum state have served as a guideline and basis in the development of quantum electrodynamics (QED). As pointed out by Feynman, however, there are important areas within which conventional electromagnetic theory and its combination with quantum mechanics does not provide ...
Graphene: Exploring carbon flatland
... mathematically, it seems at first glance that for natural phenomena we are stuck with three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. Not so! For many years now, for example, physicists have studied electronic properties of the twodimensional systems that occur in layered semiconductors, and not wi ...
... mathematically, it seems at first glance that for natural phenomena we are stuck with three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. Not so! For many years now, for example, physicists have studied electronic properties of the twodimensional systems that occur in layered semiconductors, and not wi ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
... noted is that the value of E does not depend on the angle of incidence. Thus it may be possible to estimate the energy of the heavy ion by measuring the height that the preamplifier pulse reaches at a pre-calculated time during the pulse rise time, provided that none of the electrons has reached the ...
... noted is that the value of E does not depend on the angle of incidence. Thus it may be possible to estimate the energy of the heavy ion by measuring the height that the preamplifier pulse reaches at a pre-calculated time during the pulse rise time, provided that none of the electrons has reached the ...
Simulation of Hot Carriers in Semiconductor Devices
... error when compared with experimental data, near the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. The error is attributable to the use of an ensemble average, the temperature, to describe the details of the distribution, which is quite anisotropic at this bias condition. To overcome this error which is inherent ...
... error when compared with experimental data, near the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. The error is attributable to the use of an ensemble average, the temperature, to describe the details of the distribution, which is quite anisotropic at this bias condition. To overcome this error which is inherent ...
Differentiation of vectors
... that the result of applying such a function is a real number, which is a scalar quantity. We now wish to consider vector-valued functions f : D → Rm . In principal, m can be any positive integer, but we will only consider the cases where m = 2 or 3, and the results of applying the function is either ...
... that the result of applying such a function is a real number, which is a scalar quantity. We now wish to consider vector-valued functions f : D → Rm . In principal, m can be any positive integer, but we will only consider the cases where m = 2 or 3, and the results of applying the function is either ...
Density of states
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In solid-state and condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of states per interval of energy at each energy level that are available to be occupied. Unlike isolated systems, like atoms or molecules in gas phase, the density distributions are not discrete like a spectral density but continuous. A high DOS at a specific energy level means that there are many states available for occupation. A DOS of zero means that no states can be occupied at that energy level. In general a DOS is an average over the space and time domains occupied by the system. Localvariations, most often due to distortions of the original system, are often called local density of states (LDOS). If the DOS of an undisturbedsystem is zero, the LDOS can locally be non-zero due to the presence of a local potential.