Quantifying relative within-host replication fitness in influenza virus
... changes depending on experimental conditions. Wu et al. also did not consider alternative scenarios regarding the source of strain difference. In earlier work (Hurt et al., 2010), we quantified relative in vivo fitness via the difference of the infected cell replication rates of each strain. However, ...
... changes depending on experimental conditions. Wu et al. also did not consider alternative scenarios regarding the source of strain difference. In earlier work (Hurt et al., 2010), we quantified relative in vivo fitness via the difference of the infected cell replication rates of each strain. However, ...
Plant Diseases Caused by Viruses and Viroids
... different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. rRNA molecules are extremely abundant. They make up at least 80% of the RNA molecules found in a typical eukaryotic cell. ...
... different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. rRNA molecules are extremely abundant. They make up at least 80% of the RNA molecules found in a typical eukaryotic cell. ...
Norovirus Infectious Agent Information Sheet
... Noroviruses are non-enveloped (naked) RNA viruses with icosahedral nucleocapsid symmetry. The norovirus genome consists of (+) ssRNA, containing three open reading frames that encode for proteins required for transcription, replication, and assembly. There are five norovirus genogroups (GI-GV), and ...
... Noroviruses are non-enveloped (naked) RNA viruses with icosahedral nucleocapsid symmetry. The norovirus genome consists of (+) ssRNA, containing three open reading frames that encode for proteins required for transcription, replication, and assembly. There are five norovirus genogroups (GI-GV), and ...
Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, as a potential biological vector of
... hives (Neumann and Elzen, 2004; Spiewok et al., 2008). Although the pest status of the SHB in honeybee colonies is now well known and control and diagnosis are available (cf. Neumann and Ellis, 2008; Schäfer et al., 2008), the role of the SHB as a vector of honeybee viruses has been neglected. There ...
... hives (Neumann and Elzen, 2004; Spiewok et al., 2008). Although the pest status of the SHB in honeybee colonies is now well known and control and diagnosis are available (cf. Neumann and Ellis, 2008; Schäfer et al., 2008), the role of the SHB as a vector of honeybee viruses has been neglected. There ...
Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript gene function
... Figure 1 Map of HSV-1 virus constructs involving genetic alterations within the LAT region. (A) Diagram of the genomic structure of HSV-1. (B) Expanded view of the LAT region of the genome. (C) Virus mutants containing deleted sequences are denoted with hatched boxes. Solid boxes indicate LAT sequen ...
... Figure 1 Map of HSV-1 virus constructs involving genetic alterations within the LAT region. (A) Diagram of the genomic structure of HSV-1. (B) Expanded view of the LAT region of the genome. (C) Virus mutants containing deleted sequences are denoted with hatched boxes. Solid boxes indicate LAT sequen ...
Reinvestigation of the role of the rabies virus glycoprotein in viral
... by G but also by other factors. Since the transcription levels of viral mRNA in recombinant virusinfected cells were much higher than in cells infected with pathogenic wild-type viruses, it is possible that the reduced pathogenicity observed with R-N2c and R-B2c is at least in part due to an increas ...
... by G but also by other factors. Since the transcription levels of viral mRNA in recombinant virusinfected cells were much higher than in cells infected with pathogenic wild-type viruses, it is possible that the reduced pathogenicity observed with R-N2c and R-B2c is at least in part due to an increas ...
Full text in pdf format
... dilution and rinsing steps to remove salts, and the optimal staining time is reported to be 2 d. A proposed improvement upon this method, by Xenopolous & Bird (1997), involves the microwaving of Yo-Pro I stained samples for a few minutes to allow dye penetration. These authors report fixation with a ...
... dilution and rinsing steps to remove salts, and the optimal staining time is reported to be 2 d. A proposed improvement upon this method, by Xenopolous & Bird (1997), involves the microwaving of Yo-Pro I stained samples for a few minutes to allow dye penetration. These authors report fixation with a ...
Detecting natural selection in RNA virus populations using
... null distribution of the statistic, (v) the null hypothesis was rejected if the D value of the target data set fell outside the 95% critical values obtained in step (vi). The type I error of the test was then calculated as proportion of the 500 target data sets that rejected the null hypothesis. 3.2 ...
... null distribution of the statistic, (v) the null hypothesis was rejected if the D value of the target data set fell outside the 95% critical values obtained in step (vi). The type I error of the test was then calculated as proportion of the 500 target data sets that rejected the null hypothesis. 3.2 ...
Characterization of New Viruses from Hypersaline
... When a virus has succeeded to infect a host and virion components have been produced within the host cell, the virus particles will be assembled into new progeny that are ready to be released from the host cell to initiate a new life cycle. At its simplest, a virion contains nucleic acid and protein ...
... When a virus has succeeded to infect a host and virion components have been produced within the host cell, the virus particles will be assembled into new progeny that are ready to be released from the host cell to initiate a new life cycle. At its simplest, a virion contains nucleic acid and protein ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... What is a virus? You’ve probably had the flu—influenza—at some time during your life. Nonliving particles called viruses cause influenza. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium. To appreciate how very tiny viruses are, try the Min ...
... What is a virus? You’ve probably had the flu—influenza—at some time during your life. Nonliving particles called viruses cause influenza. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium. To appreciate how very tiny viruses are, try the Min ...
Viruses and Bacteria - Hartland High School
... What is a virus? You’ve probably had the flu—influenza—at some time during your life. Nonliving particles called viruses cause influenza. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium. To appreciate how very tiny viruses are, try the Min ...
... What is a virus? You’ve probably had the flu—influenza—at some time during your life. Nonliving particles called viruses cause influenza. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium. To appreciate how very tiny viruses are, try the Min ...
18.1 Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes
... • Capsule - outer covering made of polysaccharides (sugars) protect it against drying out or harsh chemicals • Pili - short hair-like protein structures found on the surface of some species of bacteria *help bacteria adhere to host cells ...
... • Capsule - outer covering made of polysaccharides (sugars) protect it against drying out or harsh chemicals • Pili - short hair-like protein structures found on the surface of some species of bacteria *help bacteria adhere to host cells ...
18.1 Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes
... • NO - nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane • NOT capable of carrying out cellular functions • NOT alive! ...
... • NO - nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane • NOT capable of carrying out cellular functions • NOT alive! ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... of the thick-walled, high-powered process a long,that microscopes whiplike involves resting cell structure only that in one use forms parent that today, inside helps and heaproduces would cell bacterial tohave move. offspring cell. seen the that single-celled are to organisms the parent. known as ba ...
... of the thick-walled, high-powered process a long,that microscopes whiplike involves resting cell structure only that in one use forms parent that today, inside helps and heaproduces would cell bacterial tohave move. offspring cell. seen the that single-celled are to organisms the parent. known as ba ...
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... pental'ners, with each pentamer consisting of five protomers (Fig. 1.2c), and the single-stranded RNA genome. JA ...
... pental'ners, with each pentamer consisting of five protomers (Fig. 1.2c), and the single-stranded RNA genome. JA ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... of the thick-walled, high-powered process a long,that microscopes whiplike involves resting cell structure only that in one use forms parent that today, inside helps and heaproduces would cell bacterial tohave move. offspring cell. seen the that single-celled are to organisms the parent. known as ba ...
... of the thick-walled, high-powered process a long,that microscopes whiplike involves resting cell structure only that in one use forms parent that today, inside helps and heaproduces would cell bacterial tohave move. offspring cell. seen the that single-celled are to organisms the parent. known as ba ...
Viral adaptation to host - Molecular Systems Biology
... history of viral adaptation propose a cross talk between codon usage, replication mode, genome size, and host range (Koonin et al, 2006). Furthermore, the observation that there exist both eukaryotic viruses that have adapted their codon usage toward their hosts and those that show little evidence f ...
... history of viral adaptation propose a cross talk between codon usage, replication mode, genome size, and host range (Koonin et al, 2006). Furthermore, the observation that there exist both eukaryotic viruses that have adapted their codon usage toward their hosts and those that show little evidence f ...
English_Virus dan peranannya2005-01
... healthy tobacco plant and it was infected. It can be cncluded that the cause of this pest is because the size of it is smaller than that of bacteria so that it can slip out from the filter. Martinus W. Beijerinck( Belanda,1897) stated that yelow pest causing agents can breed in creatures. Wendel ...
... healthy tobacco plant and it was infected. It can be cncluded that the cause of this pest is because the size of it is smaller than that of bacteria so that it can slip out from the filter. Martinus W. Beijerinck( Belanda,1897) stated that yelow pest causing agents can breed in creatures. Wendel ...
encephalitis_Hogan
... Rhabdovirus structure/proteins • L,P serve as RNAdependent RNA polymerase • N wraps the template (naked RNA not used) – Ribonucleoprotein core • M – viral assembly and budding; host species • G – glycoprotein; target for neutralizing antibodies ...
... Rhabdovirus structure/proteins • L,P serve as RNAdependent RNA polymerase • N wraps the template (naked RNA not used) – Ribonucleoprotein core • M – viral assembly and budding; host species • G – glycoprotein; target for neutralizing antibodies ...
Camellia Viruses - Atlantic Coast Camellia Society
... The only reported virus including the name camellia has, to date, been Camellia yellow mottle virus (CYMV). Plakidas in 1954 demonstrated that the symptoms associated with Camellia yellow mottle disease were graft-transmissible. Therefore according to plant pathologists/virologists the disease must ...
... The only reported virus including the name camellia has, to date, been Camellia yellow mottle virus (CYMV). Plakidas in 1954 demonstrated that the symptoms associated with Camellia yellow mottle disease were graft-transmissible. Therefore according to plant pathologists/virologists the disease must ...
Replicon RNA Viral Vectors as Vaccines
... Vaccine development against infectious diseases has classically been based on live attenuated or inactivated infectious agents [1]. Recently, the approach of vaccination with recombinantly expressed antigens and immunogens from viral and non-viral delivery systems has been introduced to the repertoi ...
... Vaccine development against infectious diseases has classically been based on live attenuated or inactivated infectious agents [1]. Recently, the approach of vaccination with recombinantly expressed antigens and immunogens from viral and non-viral delivery systems has been introduced to the repertoi ...
Teacher`s Guide
... 3. If needed, students can use graphic organizers to clarify their information. 4. Tell students that they will use the graphic organizers in the next part of the lesson. Teacher note: Student studies during Explore can include library work and group discussion as well as online research. Students e ...
... 3. If needed, students can use graphic organizers to clarify their information. 4. Tell students that they will use the graphic organizers in the next part of the lesson. Teacher note: Student studies during Explore can include library work and group discussion as well as online research. Students e ...
A plant virus vector for systemic expression of foreign genes in cereals
... from pWSMV-JNPT expressed detectable NPT II protein (Figure 2a) as early as 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). Accumulation of NPT II protein in wheat peaked at 12 dpi (averaging 238 ng mg±1 soluble protein, or about 11 mg g±1 fresh leaf tissue), and by 18 dpi the amount of NPT II protein detected in in ...
... from pWSMV-JNPT expressed detectable NPT II protein (Figure 2a) as early as 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). Accumulation of NPT II protein in wheat peaked at 12 dpi (averaging 238 ng mg±1 soluble protein, or about 11 mg g±1 fresh leaf tissue), and by 18 dpi the amount of NPT II protein detected in in ...
RNA viruses in the sea - Associação Brasileira de Medicina
... has been on DNA viruses. Along with expanding knowledge about RNA viruses that infect important marine animals, recent isolations of RNA viruses that infect single-celled eukaryotes and molecular analyses of the RNA virioplankton have revealed that marine RNA viruses are novel, widespread, and genet ...
... has been on DNA viruses. Along with expanding knowledge about RNA viruses that infect important marine animals, recent isolations of RNA viruses that infect single-celled eukaryotes and molecular analyses of the RNA virioplankton have revealed that marine RNA viruses are novel, widespread, and genet ...