Division of Studies in English MICROBIOLOGY OUTLINE (1/4 MD
... phases; diagnostic process of the viral infection (clinical material, the time of sampling, storage, transport to the laboratory, principles of specimen processing for viral investigation, cell cultures, embryonated eggs, laboratory animals, microscopic identification, serologic tests, molecular ana ...
... phases; diagnostic process of the viral infection (clinical material, the time of sampling, storage, transport to the laboratory, principles of specimen processing for viral investigation, cell cultures, embryonated eggs, laboratory animals, microscopic identification, serologic tests, molecular ana ...
Replicon RNA Viral Vectors as Vaccines
... inactivated infectious agents [1]. Recently, the approach of vaccination with recombinantly expressed antigens and immunogens from viral and non-viral delivery systems has been introduced to the repertoire [2,3]. In this context, immunization with surface proteins and antigens has elicited strong hu ...
... inactivated infectious agents [1]. Recently, the approach of vaccination with recombinantly expressed antigens and immunogens from viral and non-viral delivery systems has been introduced to the repertoire [2,3]. In this context, immunization with surface proteins and antigens has elicited strong hu ...
microbiology - UtechDMD2015
... chromosome excises itself – Accidentially takes up chromosomal DNA – Phage replicates bacterial gene picked up replicates – Genes carried into cells that the progeny virus infected – Occurs most often ...
... chromosome excises itself – Accidentially takes up chromosomal DNA – Phage replicates bacterial gene picked up replicates – Genes carried into cells that the progeny virus infected – Occurs most often ...
Microbiology
... (conjugation tube). The F plasmid is integrated into the bacterial DNA and can recombine into the recipient’s DNA to become a stable component of the recipient’s genetic make-up. Plasmids These are autonomous (replicate separate from chromosome), circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that exis ...
... (conjugation tube). The F plasmid is integrated into the bacterial DNA and can recombine into the recipient’s DNA to become a stable component of the recipient’s genetic make-up. Plasmids These are autonomous (replicate separate from chromosome), circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that exis ...
Spinal Cord Ventral Horns and Lymphoid Organ Involvement in
... disorientation, and headaches. POWV encephalitis is characterized by vomiting, respiratory distress, convulsions and long-lasting fever. The encephalopathy described for POWV includes general weakness, ataxia, tremors and respiratory failure in the more severe cases. Lethargy and paralysis are usual ...
... disorientation, and headaches. POWV encephalitis is characterized by vomiting, respiratory distress, convulsions and long-lasting fever. The encephalopathy described for POWV includes general weakness, ataxia, tremors and respiratory failure in the more severe cases. Lethargy and paralysis are usual ...
Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response
... through somatic rearrangement of antigen receptor genes. Bcells produce pathogen-specific antibodies to neutralize toxins produced by pathogens, whereas T-cells provide the cytokine milieu to clear pathogen-infected cells through their cytotoxic effects or via signals to B-cells [5]. The mechanisms ...
... through somatic rearrangement of antigen receptor genes. Bcells produce pathogen-specific antibodies to neutralize toxins produced by pathogens, whereas T-cells provide the cytokine milieu to clear pathogen-infected cells through their cytotoxic effects or via signals to B-cells [5]. The mechanisms ...
FREE Sample Here
... 11. Taxis refers to the ability of many bacteria to move toward favorable conditions (positive taxis) or away from unfavorable conditions (negative taxis). Only motile bacteria are capable of taxis. In an almost all cases, motile bacteria rely on flagella. 12. Almost all bacteria are protected from ...
... 11. Taxis refers to the ability of many bacteria to move toward favorable conditions (positive taxis) or away from unfavorable conditions (negative taxis). Only motile bacteria are capable of taxis. In an almost all cases, motile bacteria rely on flagella. 12. Almost all bacteria are protected from ...
Lecture Exam 3
... including learning, speech, and motor skills disorders, seizures, and hearing and sight loss. The most frequent CNS infections are meningitis, encephalitis, and abscess. Intoxication with tetanus and botulinum toxins can affect the CNS, causing spastic or flaccid paralysis, but these diseases are qu ...
... including learning, speech, and motor skills disorders, seizures, and hearing and sight loss. The most frequent CNS infections are meningitis, encephalitis, and abscess. Intoxication with tetanus and botulinum toxins can affect the CNS, causing spastic or flaccid paralysis, but these diseases are qu ...
European Respiratory Society Annual Congress 2012
... therapy. Fifty-four COPD patients provided 127 sputum samples: mean(SD) age 71(±8) years; FEV1 43.7%(±20.0%) predicted; current smoker 26%; male gender 63%. Airway CRMs were more prevalent at exacerbation than in the stable state (75% vs 42%, p<0.001). The prevalence of co-infection with HRV and bac ...
... therapy. Fifty-four COPD patients provided 127 sputum samples: mean(SD) age 71(±8) years; FEV1 43.7%(±20.0%) predicted; current smoker 26%; male gender 63%. Airway CRMs were more prevalent at exacerbation than in the stable state (75% vs 42%, p<0.001). The prevalence of co-infection with HRV and bac ...
The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung
... biotic-resistant strains of S. aureus that were prevalent in hospitals at the time24,26. However, the data from the 1968 pandemic suggested that antibiotics were not the only reason for the changes to the microbiology. In 1968–1969, the incidence of pneumonia was comparable to that of 1957 and most ...
... biotic-resistant strains of S. aureus that were prevalent in hospitals at the time24,26. However, the data from the 1968 pandemic suggested that antibiotics were not the only reason for the changes to the microbiology. In 1968–1969, the incidence of pneumonia was comparable to that of 1957 and most ...
exanthems exanthems
... neck >then spreading downward Fades F d over a 72 hhour period i d Brownish discoloration noted after fading ...
... neck >then spreading downward Fades F d over a 72 hhour period i d Brownish discoloration noted after fading ...
Class tests topics of microbiology academic year
... virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors; Spiral bacteria (Genera: Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter) occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: ...
... virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors; Spiral bacteria (Genera: Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter) occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: ...
Virology Questions DIRECTIONS: Each question below contains five
... d. Its action is related to the synthesis of a protein that inhibits translation or transcription e. It alters the permeability of the cell membrane so that viruses cannot enter the cell 11. Coronaviruses are recognized by club-shaped surface projections that are 20 nm long and resemble solar corona ...
... d. Its action is related to the synthesis of a protein that inhibits translation or transcription e. It alters the permeability of the cell membrane so that viruses cannot enter the cell 11. Coronaviruses are recognized by club-shaped surface projections that are 20 nm long and resemble solar corona ...
Respiratory Tract Diseases The respiratory tract is the most common
... mitis, S. mutans, S. milleri, and S. salivarius. It is believed that these bacteria act as antagonists against invasion by pathogenic streptococci. 6. Additionally, cultures from this region usually show large numbers of diphtheroids, Moraxella (formerly Branhamella) catarrhalis, and small Gramnegat ...
... mitis, S. mutans, S. milleri, and S. salivarius. It is believed that these bacteria act as antagonists against invasion by pathogenic streptococci. 6. Additionally, cultures from this region usually show large numbers of diphtheroids, Moraxella (formerly Branhamella) catarrhalis, and small Gramnegat ...
RNA polymerase
... Mode of action of s factors • The s factor causes RNA polymerase to be selective in its choice of initiation sites by affecting the dissociation rate of polymerase from DNA. – Core dissociates from general DNA with a halftime of 60 min; use in elongation. – Holoenzyme dissociates from general DNA w ...
... Mode of action of s factors • The s factor causes RNA polymerase to be selective in its choice of initiation sites by affecting the dissociation rate of polymerase from DNA. – Core dissociates from general DNA with a halftime of 60 min; use in elongation. – Holoenzyme dissociates from general DNA w ...
Hepatitis B shots are recommended for all new babies
... As a result, they can spread the virus to others without knowing it. The only way to know if a person is infected is with a blood test. ...
... As a result, they can spread the virus to others without knowing it. The only way to know if a person is infected is with a blood test. ...
Appendix I Disinfectants for Biohazardous Materials SOP
... but this level of microbial killing is generally unnecessary for laboratory surfaces such as floors and walls. When choosing a disinfectant, consider the organism, the item to be disinfected, the disinfectant’s cost and ease of use. Hospital-approved disinfectants are acceptable for use in laborator ...
... but this level of microbial killing is generally unnecessary for laboratory surfaces such as floors and walls. When choosing a disinfectant, consider the organism, the item to be disinfected, the disinfectant’s cost and ease of use. Hospital-approved disinfectants are acceptable for use in laborator ...
Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript gene function
... Figure 1 Map of HSV-1 virus constructs involving genetic alterations within the LAT region. (A) Diagram of the genomic structure of HSV-1. (B) Expanded view of the LAT region of the genome. (C) Virus mutants containing deleted sequences are denoted with hatched boxes. Solid boxes indicate LAT sequen ...
... Figure 1 Map of HSV-1 virus constructs involving genetic alterations within the LAT region. (A) Diagram of the genomic structure of HSV-1. (B) Expanded view of the LAT region of the genome. (C) Virus mutants containing deleted sequences are denoted with hatched boxes. Solid boxes indicate LAT sequen ...
Fundamental principles of immunization
... produced by inoculation with antigens such as toxoid. Passive immunisation is readymade help in combating disease, in which the body plays only a passive role; it is rapid in onset, but of short duration. Active immunisation, on the other hand, is a means of training the body to protect itself by it ...
... produced by inoculation with antigens such as toxoid. Passive immunisation is readymade help in combating disease, in which the body plays only a passive role; it is rapid in onset, but of short duration. Active immunisation, on the other hand, is a means of training the body to protect itself by it ...
Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, as a potential biological vector of
... for SHB to obtain food in such prisons except in rare cases of cannibalism (Neumann et al., 2001a). Another possible contamination route is through feeding on virus infected dead workers and bee brood, because small hive beetles may be also scavengers of honeybees. Moreover, the beetles also eat pol ...
... for SHB to obtain food in such prisons except in rare cases of cannibalism (Neumann et al., 2001a). Another possible contamination route is through feeding on virus infected dead workers and bee brood, because small hive beetles may be also scavengers of honeybees. Moreover, the beetles also eat pol ...
who am I germ slides
... Cooking seafood can destroy me I have been found in herring Sometimes I produce a tingling in the throat Purchasing seafood from approved suppliers can prevent me 4. Identify the virus or parasite: Norovirus I am often associated with ready-to-eat food Proper handwashing is essential to ...
... Cooking seafood can destroy me I have been found in herring Sometimes I produce a tingling in the throat Purchasing seafood from approved suppliers can prevent me 4. Identify the virus or parasite: Norovirus I am often associated with ready-to-eat food Proper handwashing is essential to ...
Innate immune detection of microbial nucleic acids
... Extensive work over the past 15 years has led to the discovery and characterization of various PRR families present in distinct cellular compartments. However, very recently there has been an acceleration of research and discoveries relating to how, and indeed why, PRRs sense pathogen-derived nuclei ...
... Extensive work over the past 15 years has led to the discovery and characterization of various PRR families present in distinct cellular compartments. However, very recently there has been an acceleration of research and discoveries relating to how, and indeed why, PRRs sense pathogen-derived nuclei ...
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
... outbreaks. It is easily destroyed by drying, most disinfectants, and temperatures above 130˚ F. It is not viable in the environment. It can survive for 2 weeks in cool water and 8 days in lagoon slurry. • The virus appears to disable or modulate significant macrophage signaling pathways blocking eff ...
... outbreaks. It is easily destroyed by drying, most disinfectants, and temperatures above 130˚ F. It is not viable in the environment. It can survive for 2 weeks in cool water and 8 days in lagoon slurry. • The virus appears to disable or modulate significant macrophage signaling pathways blocking eff ...
Exposing the Myth of the GERM THEORY
... Almost everyone in the Western world has been nurtured on the germ theory of disease: that disease is the direct consequence of the work of some outside agent, be it germ or virus. People have been educated to be terrified of bacteria and to believe implicitly in the idea of contagion: that specific ...
... Almost everyone in the Western world has been nurtured on the germ theory of disease: that disease is the direct consequence of the work of some outside agent, be it germ or virus. People have been educated to be terrified of bacteria and to believe implicitly in the idea of contagion: that specific ...
Henry Potosnak
... thought that they are the most amply dispensed and assorted organisms in our biosphere. Bacteriophages are practically universal. They can survive in almost any environment. If bacteria exist in a location, it is quite likely that bacteriophages exist there as well. The preeminent place to find bact ...
... thought that they are the most amply dispensed and assorted organisms in our biosphere. Bacteriophages are practically universal. They can survive in almost any environment. If bacteria exist in a location, it is quite likely that bacteriophages exist there as well. The preeminent place to find bact ...
Introduction to viruses
A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected by a virus, a host cell is forced to produce many thousands of identical copies of the original virus, at an extraordinary rate. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses are assembled in the infected host cell. But unlike still simpler infectious agents, viruses contain genes, which gives them the ability to mutate and evolve. Over 5,000 species of viruses have been discovered.The origins of viruses are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. A virus consists of two or three parts: genes, made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; a protein coat that protects the genes; and in some viruses, an envelope of fat that surrounds and protects them when they are not contained within a host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometres; it would take 30,000 to 750,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to 1 centimetre (0.39 in).Viruses spread in many ways. Just as many viruses are very specific as to which host species or tissue they attack, each species of virus relies on a particular method for propagation. Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by insects and other organisms, known as vectors. Some viruses of animals, including humans, are spread by exposure to infected bodily fluids. Viruses such as influenza are spread through the air by droplets of moisture when people cough or sneeze. Viruses such as norovirus are transmitted by the faecal–oral route, which involves the contamination of hands, food and water. Rotavirus is often spread by direct contact with infected children. The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is transmitted by bodily fluids transferred during sex. Others, such as the Dengue virus, are spread by blood-sucking insects.Viral infections can cause disease in humans, animals and even plants. However, they are usually eliminated by the immune system, conferring lifetime immunity to the host for that virus. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but antiviral drugs have been developed to treat life-threatening infections. Vaccines that produce lifelong immunity can prevent some viral infections.