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THE NITROGEN CYCLE
THE NITROGEN CYCLE

... The Nitrogen Cycle (3133) Nitrogen is a very important element to living things. Nitrogen atoms are found in DNA, RNA, proteins and ATP. Nitrogen atoms must be used over and over again so that new molecules can be made and used by all living things. In the atmosphere, nitrogen gas is the most abunda ...
File
File

... 5.2 Oxidation Numbers Oxidation number the apparent charge an atom would have if it gained or lost its bonding electrons Consider the example of sulfur dioxide, SO2. In sulfur dioxide, oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur. Since oxygen gains two electrons to form the oxide ion, O-2, in ionic c ...
введение в общую introductio to the general ch ведение в общую
введение в общую introductio to the general ch ведение в общую

... The question from the title of this subsection is very important. It can be rephrased in the following ways. What is chemistry? What is the subject of the discipline you are starting (or, hopefully, continuing) to study? What is the difference between chemistry and physics? Physical properties of a ...
Variety Selection
Variety Selection

... Soybean variety selection should be based on maturity, yield, seed quality, lodging, irondeficiency chlorosis tolerance and disease reaction. Later-maturing varieties tend to yield more than early maturing varieties when evaluated at the same location. After determining a suitable maturity for the f ...
James W. Whittaker - Oxygen reactions of the copper oxidases
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... hydrogen peroxide) has specific interactions with biological systems [2,3]. Dioxygen itself can bind reversibly with oxygen carriers, such as haemoglobin (the haemoprotein of mammalian blood), haemerythrin (a non-haem iron protein in the haemolymph of certain marine worms) or haemocyanin (a copper p ...
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... Partial melting and magma formation formation of granitic magmas most likely form as the end product of crystallization of andesitic magma granitic magmas are more viscous than other magmas—tend to lose their mobility before reaching the surface. produce large plutonic structures ...
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... minerals, very dark in color, generally found within the mantle. Low silica content. •  Mafic (Basaltic): contains high amounts of ferromagnesian minerals, dark in color, mostly found erupting in the oceans, with some erupting on land. •  Intermediate (Andesitic) in color and composition; found near ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60
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... plants is a nonspecific active process which is not directly dependent on nutrient deficiency but is a consequence of a nonspecific bacterial chemotaxis, influenced by the balance between attractants and possibly repellents leaked by the root. ...
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Competition for Electrons
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... track of electrons based on the arbitrary assumption that shared electrons belong to the more electronegative element n Rules for assigning oxidation numbers q Oxidation numbers for atoms that are free elements are always zero q The oxidation numbers of ions are the same as the charge on the ion q S ...
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... formations. Thus, sources of clastic material for those formations should be traced somewhere south-west or south of the paleovolcano. The volcanic Eimfjellet series is bimodal and its metabasites are of the continental tholeitic type. They represent differentiates of at least two primordial magmas, ...
Chemical Equations - Salem Community Schools
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... • The simplest way to represent a reaction is by using words to describe all the reactants and products, with an arrow placed between them to represent change. • Reactants are placed to the left of the arrow, and products are placed to the right. • Plus signs are used to separate reactants and also ...
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Chapter 19
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... atoms are covalently bonded to other atoms. For example, the following equation represents the redox reaction used to manufacture ammonia (NH 3). N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) → 2NH 3(g) This process involves neither ions nor any obvious transfer of electrons. The reactants and products are all molecular compoun ...
Chemistry HSC - The Bored of Studies Community
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... Ethylene is produced from natural gas or crude oil (mixtures of hydrocarbons, containing mainly alkanes and cycloalkanes and smaller amounts of unsaturated including alkenes), which is called feedstock. The feedstock is refined by fractional distillation to obtain alkenes since alkanes are susceptib ...
9.2 Oxidation Numbers
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... phosphate rock (containing calcium phosphate) with sand (containing silicon dioxide) and coke (a carbon‑rich mixture produced by heating coal). This method for isolating phosphorus, called the furnace process, is summarized in the first equation below. The other equations show how phosphorus can be ...
Chemistry Revision Checklist F4 2017 (inc F3)
Chemistry Revision Checklist F4 2017 (inc F3)

... Name and draw the structures of the unbranched alkanes, alkenes (not cis-trans), alcohols and acids containing up to four carbon atoms per molecule State the type of compound present, given a chemical name ending in -ane, -ene, -ol, or -oic acid or a molecular ...
chemistry-c7-what-you-should
chemistry-c7-what-you-should

... I can recall how ethanol compares in its physical properties with water and with alkanes I understand that alcohols burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water because of the presence of a hydrocarbon chain I can recall the reaction of alcohols with sodium and how this compares with the reaction ...
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... "A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proporproportion of elements by mass". E. g. water: oxygen:hydrogen = 8:1 Law of multiple proportions (J. Dalton, 1803): "The proportions of mass of two elements in different compounds are rations of small whole numbers". E.g.: 100 g of carbon re ...
Section 2 Types of Chemical Reactions
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... Single-Displacement Reactions, continued Displacement of Halogens • Fluorine is the most-active halogen. • It can replace any of the other halogens in their compounds. • In Group 17 each element can replace any element below it, but not any element above it. Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) F2(g) + 2NaCl(aq) Br2(l ...
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... Balance charges of combined ions to get formula of each product Determine solubility of each product in water Use the solubility rules If product is insoluble or slightly soluble, it will precipitate If neither product will precipitate, write no reaction after the ...
Chapter 4: Aqueous Solutions (Chs 4 and 5 in Jespersen, Ch4 in
Chapter 4: Aqueous Solutions (Chs 4 and 5 in Jespersen, Ch4 in

... Strong electrolytes exist in solution completely (or nearly completely) as ions. E.g. KBr, HCl. ...
a sustainable waste management solution and effective soil
a sustainable waste management solution and effective soil

... directly into the soil. Growers are now raising grafted plants in nurseries, often for up to eight months before they are planted out in an orchard setting. Grafting allows for stronger rootstock to be spliced onto a superior fruiting stem – thereby increasing plant strength and yield. However, this ...
Redox - SAVE MY EXAMS!
Redox - SAVE MY EXAMS!

... Gaseous compound X is an oxidising agent. X is bubbled through separate solutions of aqueous potassium iodide and acidified potassium manganate(VII). ...
Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases

... because they do not have an –OH. (2) Consequently, B.pt is much lower than that of alcohols and acids of comparable mass (3) H-bonding to water is possible - low mw esters are soluble in water (4) Solubility rapidly decreases with carbon chain length. ...
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Pedosphere

The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον pedon ""soil"" or ""earth"" and σφαίρα sfaíra ""sphere"") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The sum total of all the organisms, soils, water and air is termed as the ""pedosphere"". The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life on this planet. There is a realization that the pedosphere needs to be distinctly recognized as a dynamic interface of all terrestrial ecosystems and be integrated into the Earth System Science knowledge base.The pedosphere acts as the mediator of chemical and biogeochemical flux into and out of these respective systems and is made up of gaseous, mineralic, fluid and biologic components. The pedosphere lies within the Critical Zone, a broader interface that includes vegetation, pedosphere, groundwater aquifer systems, regolith and finally ends at some depth in the bedrock where the biosphere and hydrosphere cease to make significant changes to the chemistry at depth. As part of the larger global system, any particular environment in which soil forms is influenced solely by its geographic position on the globe as climatic, geologic, biologic and anthropogenic changes occur with changes in longitude and latitude.The pedosphere lies below the vegetative cover of the biosphere and above the hydrosphere and lithosphere. The soil forming process (pedogenesis) can begin without the aid of biology but is significantly quickened in the presence of biologic reactions. Soil formation begins with the chemical and/or physical breakdown of minerals to form the initial material that overlies the bedrock substrate. Biology quickens this by secreting acidic compounds (dominantly fulvic acids) that help break rock apart. Particular biologic pioneers are lichen, mosses and seed bearing plants but many other inorganic reactions take place that diversify the chemical makeup of the early soil layer. Once weathering and decomposition products accumulate, a coherent soil body allows the migration of fluids both vertically and laterally through the soil profile causing ion exchange between solid, fluid and gaseous phases. As time progresses, the bulk geochemistry of the soil layer will deviate away from the initial composition of the bedrock and will evolve to a chemistry that reflects the type of reactions that take place in the soil.
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