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... Chapter 2 discusses Darwin's views about group selection. My exposition begins in the 1960s, then moves to the present, and then time travels back to 1859. The idea that traits evolve because they are good for the group was criticized in the 1960s, not just for being factually mistaken, but for embo ...
... Chapter 2 discusses Darwin's views about group selection. My exposition begins in the 1960s, then moves to the present, and then time travels back to 1859. The idea that traits evolve because they are good for the group was criticized in the 1960s, not just for being factually mistaken, but for embo ...
LAB: Simulating Natural Selection
... finches spread from one new island to another, eventually producing the different species of finches recognized today. This is an example of natural selection resulting in a process called adaptive radiation. The birds were able to radiate (spread) out to new habitats because of their different beak ...
... finches spread from one new island to another, eventually producing the different species of finches recognized today. This is an example of natural selection resulting in a process called adaptive radiation. The birds were able to radiate (spread) out to new habitats because of their different beak ...
document
... Assume no convergent evolution; and no derived traits have been lost. Lampreys are the outgroup—any species or group outside the group of interest. The group of interest is the ingroup. Comparison with the outgroup shows which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral. ...
... Assume no convergent evolution; and no derived traits have been lost. Lampreys are the outgroup—any species or group outside the group of interest. The group of interest is the ingroup. Comparison with the outgroup shows which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral. ...
evolution
... Organisms have certain characteristics and lack others because of their ancestry. Example: Dolphins evolved from terrestrial mammals; they have lungs and cannot “breathe” underwater. Natural selection can bring about great changes, such as the mode of life and streamlined body form of the dolp ...
... Organisms have certain characteristics and lack others because of their ancestry. Example: Dolphins evolved from terrestrial mammals; they have lungs and cannot “breathe” underwater. Natural selection can bring about great changes, such as the mode of life and streamlined body form of the dolp ...
Hybridization and speciation
... their new joint position, which in turn sharpens clines (Clarke, 1966), increases barrier strength and makes long-term maintenance of the hybrid zone and of the differentiation between populations more likely (Barton, 1983). The effect of spatial structure in favouring such a coupling process by gen ...
... their new joint position, which in turn sharpens clines (Clarke, 1966), increases barrier strength and makes long-term maintenance of the hybrid zone and of the differentiation between populations more likely (Barton, 1983). The effect of spatial structure in favouring such a coupling process by gen ...
Chapter 2 Resource: Traits and How They Change
... b. The first green pepper plant produced the rounded-off average number of seeds. c. All seeds produced by the green pepper plant grow into new plants. d. Every new plant always produces the rounded-off number of seeds each year. 4. Determine how many new green pepper plants will grow in the second ...
... b. The first green pepper plant produced the rounded-off average number of seeds. c. All seeds produced by the green pepper plant grow into new plants. d. Every new plant always produces the rounded-off number of seeds each year. 4. Determine how many new green pepper plants will grow in the second ...
Artificial Selection and Domestication: Modern Lessons from
... chapter on natural selection (p. 102–103), we have seen how similar variations, occurring in cultivated plants and domestic animals, are capable of being perpetuated and accumulated by artificial selection, till they have resulted in all the wonderful varieties of our fruits, flowers, and vegetables ...
... chapter on natural selection (p. 102–103), we have seen how similar variations, occurring in cultivated plants and domestic animals, are capable of being perpetuated and accumulated by artificial selection, till they have resulted in all the wonderful varieties of our fruits, flowers, and vegetables ...
Sexspecific selection on energy metabolism selection coefficients for
... concerning life history evolution and evolutionary physiology (Oksanen et al., 1999; Labocha et al., 2004; Sadowska et al., 2005; Mappes et al., 2008a). It is already known that morphological (body mass, head width) and physiological (BMR) traits in this species are highly variable (Koivula et al., ...
... concerning life history evolution and evolutionary physiology (Oksanen et al., 1999; Labocha et al., 2004; Sadowska et al., 2005; Mappes et al., 2008a). It is already known that morphological (body mass, head width) and physiological (BMR) traits in this species are highly variable (Koivula et al., ...
Pre-zygotic isolation in the macroalgal genusFucus from four contact
... if there is no selection against hybridization and introgression is extensive, all individuals become hybrids, creating a hybrid swarm or ‘extinction through hybridization’ [12,13]. Second, if introgressed individuals are genetically stabilized and/or colonize new habitats, novel evolutionary lineag ...
... if there is no selection against hybridization and introgression is extensive, all individuals become hybrids, creating a hybrid swarm or ‘extinction through hybridization’ [12,13]. Second, if introgressed individuals are genetically stabilized and/or colonize new habitats, novel evolutionary lineag ...
On-line, On-board Evolution for Autonomous Robotics
... the evolutionary operators are embodied in the robots. The reason to choose other terms here is twofold. First, the usual terminology associates embodied evolution with embodied trials, which is a completely different thing. Second, introducing new terms here facilitates precise phrasing: embodied e ...
... the evolutionary operators are embodied in the robots. The reason to choose other terms here is twofold. First, the usual terminology associates embodied evolution with embodied trials, which is a completely different thing. Second, introducing new terms here facilitates precise phrasing: embodied e ...
Microbial endemism: does phosphorus limitation enhance speciation?
... biological capabilities, much like the macrobiota of Darwin’s Galapagos Islands. As a primary example of such a system, we highlight key discoveries from the Cuatro Ciénegas basin in Mexico. We argue that high microbial endemism requires a combination of geographical isolation, long-term continuity ...
... biological capabilities, much like the macrobiota of Darwin’s Galapagos Islands. As a primary example of such a system, we highlight key discoveries from the Cuatro Ciénegas basin in Mexico. We argue that high microbial endemism requires a combination of geographical isolation, long-term continuity ...
individual variation in mammals
... correlation sets an upper bound to the broad-sense heritability (Falconer, 1989). The broad-sense heritability is the sum of the additive genetic variance, which is needed for an evolutionary response to selection, and of the dominance and other non-additive genetic variances (e.g., epistatic varian ...
... correlation sets an upper bound to the broad-sense heritability (Falconer, 1989). The broad-sense heritability is the sum of the additive genetic variance, which is needed for an evolutionary response to selection, and of the dominance and other non-additive genetic variances (e.g., epistatic varian ...
Perspectives Poulton, Wallace and Jordan: how discoveries
... Poulton continues with a digression about the timeliness of the topic of species given the just-published correspondence of Darwin and Huxley for the understanding of the problem. This historical material is used frequently and in lengthy quotations throughout the paper. He then launches into the ar ...
... Poulton continues with a digression about the timeliness of the topic of species given the just-published correspondence of Darwin and Huxley for the understanding of the problem. This historical material is used frequently and in lengthy quotations throughout the paper. He then launches into the ar ...
Explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations
... have provided evidence that rapid evolutionary responses may occur in the wild. However, there are remarkably few cases where direct observations of natural populations have revealed microevolutionary changes occurring, despite the frequent demonstration of additive genetic variation and strong dire ...
... have provided evidence that rapid evolutionary responses may occur in the wild. However, there are remarkably few cases where direct observations of natural populations have revealed microevolutionary changes occurring, despite the frequent demonstration of additive genetic variation and strong dire ...
32 Protostome Animals
... (Figure 32.2a, page 726), matings can be arranged, the life cycle is completed in less than two weeks, and females lay a large number of eggs. These traits made fruit flies valuable subjects for breeding ...
... (Figure 32.2a, page 726), matings can be arranged, the life cycle is completed in less than two weeks, and females lay a large number of eggs. These traits made fruit flies valuable subjects for breeding ...
The actuality of Lamarck: towards the
... new forms and structures. The resulting enforced use and disuse are inherited. By default, the existence of vestigial organs is proof that function created form. In other words, an organism reacts, as a whole, to the needs imposed upon it by its environment. The organism subsequently transmits the c ...
... new forms and structures. The resulting enforced use and disuse are inherited. By default, the existence of vestigial organs is proof that function created form. In other words, an organism reacts, as a whole, to the needs imposed upon it by its environment. The organism subsequently transmits the c ...
The Origin of Species
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
Speciation by Natural and Sexual Selection: Models and Experiments.
... takes the form here of assortative mating, whose intensity is measured by the parameter A. A value of A p 0 corresponds to random mating, while A p 1 implies only individuals with the same phenotype mate. In the toy model, A is assumed to be fixed and so cannot evolve. The strength of disruptive nat ...
... takes the form here of assortative mating, whose intensity is measured by the parameter A. A value of A p 0 corresponds to random mating, while A p 1 implies only individuals with the same phenotype mate. In the toy model, A is assumed to be fixed and so cannot evolve. The strength of disruptive nat ...
Erratum At section 7, second para, line 8 `extant`
... far less controversial, Beagle voyage book, priced at about a week’s pay for a laboring man, and initially also purchasable in three, monthly parts billed as cheap literature for all social classes. At the wholesaling of the Origin, George Mudie bought for his national chain of commercial lending li ...
... far less controversial, Beagle voyage book, priced at about a week’s pay for a laboring man, and initially also purchasable in three, monthly parts billed as cheap literature for all social classes. At the wholesaling of the Origin, George Mudie bought for his national chain of commercial lending li ...
More on how and why: cause and effect in biology revisited
... et al. 2001; Ariew 2003; West-Eberhard 2003; Amundson 2005; Thierry 2005; Jablonka and Lamb 2005; Laland et al. 2008; Hogan and Bolhuis 2009). In our earlier treatment we pointed out that several major debates within contemporary biology revolve around different notions of causation, with acceptance ...
... et al. 2001; Ariew 2003; West-Eberhard 2003; Amundson 2005; Thierry 2005; Jablonka and Lamb 2005; Laland et al. 2008; Hogan and Bolhuis 2009). In our earlier treatment we pointed out that several major debates within contemporary biology revolve around different notions of causation, with acceptance ...
Chapter 2 - Test Bank 1
... 60. Describe the famous Scopes Monkey Trial. What are some reasons people have trouble accepting evolution by natural selection? 61. Explain the mechanics of the scientific method in detail. 62. What does it mean to say that science is self-correcting? Be sure to include the terms data, falsifiable, ...
... 60. Describe the famous Scopes Monkey Trial. What are some reasons people have trouble accepting evolution by natural selection? 61. Explain the mechanics of the scientific method in detail. 62. What does it mean to say that science is self-correcting? Be sure to include the terms data, falsifiable, ...
Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic
... the immune system are of particular interest, not least because of their obvious importance for individual and population survival (reviewed in Sommer 2005; Acevedo-Whitehouse & Cunningham 2006), but also because they are expected to be under strong and direct selection from pathogens (Trowsdale & P ...
... the immune system are of particular interest, not least because of their obvious importance for individual and population survival (reviewed in Sommer 2005; Acevedo-Whitehouse & Cunningham 2006), but also because they are expected to be under strong and direct selection from pathogens (Trowsdale & P ...