NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES Yongyang Cai Kenneth L. Judd
... parameters and conducts a Monte Carlo analysis with many simulations, each being itself a deterministic run of the model with a picked set of parameter values. This method can provide valuable information about a possible range of the climateeconomy system, but it always assumes that economic actors ...
... parameters and conducts a Monte Carlo analysis with many simulations, each being itself a deterministic run of the model with a picked set of parameter values. This method can provide valuable information about a possible range of the climateeconomy system, but it always assumes that economic actors ...
Climate change amplifies gross nitrogen turnover in montane
... insulating snowpack. Climate change conditions accelerated gross nitrogen mineralization by 250% on average. Increased N mineralization significantly stimulated gross nitrification by AOB rather than by AOA. However, climate change impacts were restricted to the 2–6 cm topsoil and rarely occurred at ...
... insulating snowpack. Climate change conditions accelerated gross nitrogen mineralization by 250% on average. Increased N mineralization significantly stimulated gross nitrification by AOB rather than by AOA. However, climate change impacts were restricted to the 2–6 cm topsoil and rarely occurred at ...
Pulse Emissions of Carbon Dioxide during Snowmelt at a
... mineral and organic nutrients in these new and more labile substrates. While studies have considered temporal dynamics of CO2 efflux from snow-covered soil throughout the winter season (e.g. Musselman et al., 2005; Hubbard et al., 2005), little is known about CO2 efflux dynamics during snowmelt. Mea ...
... mineral and organic nutrients in these new and more labile substrates. While studies have considered temporal dynamics of CO2 efflux from snow-covered soil throughout the winter season (e.g. Musselman et al., 2005; Hubbard et al., 2005), little is known about CO2 efflux dynamics during snowmelt. Mea ...
National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors
... Participants for many Australian Government programmes are required to report both direct and some indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emission estimates. Direct emissions are produced from sources within the boundary of an organisation and as a result of that organisation’s activities. These emissions ma ...
... Participants for many Australian Government programmes are required to report both direct and some indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emission estimates. Direct emissions are produced from sources within the boundary of an organisation and as a result of that organisation’s activities. These emissions ma ...
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
... the end of both the last (Eemian) and present (Holocene) interglacials, CO2 remained stable during the Eemian while rising in the Holocene. We identify and review twelve biogeochemical mechanisms of terrestrial (vegetation dynamics and CO2 fertilization, land use, wildfire, accumulation of peat, chan ...
... the end of both the last (Eemian) and present (Holocene) interglacials, CO2 remained stable during the Eemian while rising in the Holocene. We identify and review twelve biogeochemical mechanisms of terrestrial (vegetation dynamics and CO2 fertilization, land use, wildfire, accumulation of peat, chan ...
PDF
... Under a carbon market system, mitigation of tropical forest emissions, perhaps measured at a national scale against a reference level of historic emissions, would generate credits that could be sold and traded in a market for GHG emissions permits or “allowances” that could be used to satisfy legal ...
... Under a carbon market system, mitigation of tropical forest emissions, perhaps measured at a national scale against a reference level of historic emissions, would generate credits that could be sold and traded in a market for GHG emissions permits or “allowances” that could be used to satisfy legal ...
Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
... the end of both the last (Eemian) and present (Holocene) interglacials, CO2 remained stable during the Eemian while rising in the Holocene. We identify and review twelve biogeochemical mechanisms of terrestrial (vegetation dynamics and CO2 fertilization, land use, wildfire, accumulation of peat, chan ...
... the end of both the last (Eemian) and present (Holocene) interglacials, CO2 remained stable during the Eemian while rising in the Holocene. We identify and review twelve biogeochemical mechanisms of terrestrial (vegetation dynamics and CO2 fertilization, land use, wildfire, accumulation of peat, chan ...
Chlorophyll a reconstruction from in situ measurements: 2. Marked
... oceans during the bloom in late winter and early spring, the primary production takes place mostly near the surface as an answer to enhanced wind mixing causing new nutrient import from beneath the nitracline which is deeper than 100 m in this region [Cullen, 1982]. After depletion of nutrients at t ...
... oceans during the bloom in late winter and early spring, the primary production takes place mostly near the surface as an answer to enhanced wind mixing causing new nutrient import from beneath the nitracline which is deeper than 100 m in this region [Cullen, 1982]. After depletion of nutrients at t ...
The Positive Externalities of Carbon Dioxide
... and Agriculture Organization (FAO), annual global crop yield and production data were obtained, as well as the monetary value associated with that production (FAO, 2013). These data sources are published in the FAO’s statistical database FAOSTAT, which is available online at http://faostat.fao.org/s ...
... and Agriculture Organization (FAO), annual global crop yield and production data were obtained, as well as the monetary value associated with that production (FAO, 2013). These data sources are published in the FAO’s statistical database FAOSTAT, which is available online at http://faostat.fao.org/s ...
Using Biogeochemical Process Models to Quantify Greenhouse Gas
... other, more potent GHGs, namely, nitrous oxide and methane, which are, per molecule, 298 and 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide, respectively. 3 Field measurements of nitrous oxide and methane flux with current chamber and tower methods are expensive and difficult to use, and thus are not read ...
... other, more potent GHGs, namely, nitrous oxide and methane, which are, per molecule, 298 and 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide, respectively. 3 Field measurements of nitrous oxide and methane flux with current chamber and tower methods are expensive and difficult to use, and thus are not read ...
Modelling vegetation as a dynamic component in soil
... control of transpiration by vegetation and the effect of soil moisture on vegetation, however, cannot be neglected. The effects of antecedent soil moisture conditions on runoff generation, and the control of topography on soil moisture [Beven and Kirkby, 1979] are well known. The spatial structure o ...
... control of transpiration by vegetation and the effect of soil moisture on vegetation, however, cannot be neglected. The effects of antecedent soil moisture conditions on runoff generation, and the control of topography on soil moisture [Beven and Kirkby, 1979] are well known. The spatial structure o ...
ABSTRACT
... values represent atmospheric CO2 increase (or ocean/land sources); negative numbers represent atmospheric CO2 decrease (ocean/land sinks). Unit in PgC/yr. ...................................................................................3 Table 3.1 Changes in physical climate forcing (temperature/p ...
... values represent atmospheric CO2 increase (or ocean/land sources); negative numbers represent atmospheric CO2 decrease (ocean/land sinks). Unit in PgC/yr. ...................................................................................3 Table 3.1 Changes in physical climate forcing (temperature/p ...
Inclusion of ecologically based trait variation in plant functional types
... Earth system models demonstrate large uncertainty in projected changes in terrestrial carbon budgets. The lack of inclusion of adaptive responses of vegetation communities to the environment has been suggested to hamper the ability of modeled vegetation to adequately respond to environmental change. ...
... Earth system models demonstrate large uncertainty in projected changes in terrestrial carbon budgets. The lack of inclusion of adaptive responses of vegetation communities to the environment has been suggested to hamper the ability of modeled vegetation to adequately respond to environmental change. ...
Methane - Clean Air Task Force
... additional compounds that affect climate. Because hydroxyls are also necessary for the oxidation of sulfur dioxides (SO2) to produce sulfates—reflective aerosols that exert a net cooling effect—CH4 reduces sulfate concentrations, thus resulting in more warming. A recent climate model calculation sug ...
... additional compounds that affect climate. Because hydroxyls are also necessary for the oxidation of sulfur dioxides (SO2) to produce sulfates—reflective aerosols that exert a net cooling effect—CH4 reduces sulfate concentrations, thus resulting in more warming. A recent climate model calculation sug ...
small farms advantage – aff
... GHG emissions: those associated with the production of meat and other animal products by an ever more industrialized livestock sector. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 14.5 percent of all heat-trapping GHGs emitted into the atmosphere through human activity is attri ...
... GHG emissions: those associated with the production of meat and other animal products by an ever more industrialized livestock sector. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 14.5 percent of all heat-trapping GHGs emitted into the atmosphere through human activity is attri ...
www.permafrostcarbon.org - Arctic Research Consortium of the
... carbon as is currently contained in the atmosphere. In a warmer world permafrost thawing and decomposition of previously frozen organic carbon is more likely to amplify climate warming by releasing more carbon into the atmosphere. Although ground temperature increases in permafrost regions are well ...
... carbon as is currently contained in the atmosphere. In a warmer world permafrost thawing and decomposition of previously frozen organic carbon is more likely to amplify climate warming by releasing more carbon into the atmosphere. Although ground temperature increases in permafrost regions are well ...
Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 associated with
... residual terrestrial carbon sink affect the proportion of anthropogenic emissions that remain in the atmosphere (the airborne fraction), and thus the growth rate of atmospheric CO2. Our analysis suggests that the airborne fraction increased steadily from the 1960s to the 1990s (1.8% per year, P ¼ 0. ...
... residual terrestrial carbon sink affect the proportion of anthropogenic emissions that remain in the atmosphere (the airborne fraction), and thus the growth rate of atmospheric CO2. Our analysis suggests that the airborne fraction increased steadily from the 1960s to the 1990s (1.8% per year, P ¼ 0. ...
2007 August, Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Policy and Economics
... a market, and, thus, a direct monetary cost for GHG emissions. One major economic problem with cap-and-trade policies is that emissions are capped at a fixed level, regardless of the cost to achieve that level of reduction. Large fluctuations and unpredictability in permit prices make it difficult t ...
... a market, and, thus, a direct monetary cost for GHG emissions. One major economic problem with cap-and-trade policies is that emissions are capped at a fixed level, regardless of the cost to achieve that level of reduction. Large fluctuations and unpredictability in permit prices make it difficult t ...
IEAGHG Information Paper: 2015-IP23; Status Report on Direct Air Capture
... with extreme caution. High-carbon energy sources are not viable options for powering DAC systems, because their CO2 emissions may exceed the CO2 captured. The storage part of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) must be inexpensive and feasible at huge scale for DAC to be economically viable. This report p ...
... with extreme caution. High-carbon energy sources are not viable options for powering DAC systems, because their CO2 emissions may exceed the CO2 captured. The storage part of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) must be inexpensive and feasible at huge scale for DAC to be economically viable. This report p ...
Methane, the Gakkel Ridge and human survival.
... the Earth has experienced so often before.9 “We’ve shown unequivocally what happens when CO2 increases dramatically as it is now, and as it did 55 million years ago. The oceans become acidic and the world warms up dramatically”.10 There are such vast quantities of methane locked in permafrost and cl ...
... the Earth has experienced so often before.9 “We’ve shown unequivocally what happens when CO2 increases dramatically as it is now, and as it did 55 million years ago. The oceans become acidic and the world warms up dramatically”.10 There are such vast quantities of methane locked in permafrost and cl ...
Petition to the World Heritage Committee
... it reduces the albedo, or reflectivity, of these surfaces, and increases the rate of melting. As these surfaces melt, the darker water or land exposed below absorbs more incoming sunlight, causing additional warming. Black carbon is considered to be the second most powerful contributor to global war ...
... it reduces the albedo, or reflectivity, of these surfaces, and increases the rate of melting. As these surfaces melt, the darker water or land exposed below absorbs more incoming sunlight, causing additional warming. Black carbon is considered to be the second most powerful contributor to global war ...
College greenhouse gas inventory
... preferred over only carbon dioxide as it does not mask the important contribution to the problem from other gases created by human activities. 2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environm ...
... preferred over only carbon dioxide as it does not mask the important contribution to the problem from other gases created by human activities. 2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environm ...
The Science of Geoengineering - Carnegie Department of Global
... efficiency (producing goods and services with few energy inputs), low- or zero-carbon emission energy technologies (producing that energy with sources that emit less CO2 ), and adaptation (increasing resilience to effects of climate change that do occur). These various options are not mutually exclus ...
... efficiency (producing goods and services with few energy inputs), low- or zero-carbon emission energy technologies (producing that energy with sources that emit less CO2 ), and adaptation (increasing resilience to effects of climate change that do occur). These various options are not mutually exclus ...
The Carbon the World Forgot - Boreal Songbird Initiative
... future where climate change will dominate environmental, political, and economic issues. Solutions to slow negative impacts of rapid and large changes are still possible, if we act swiftly and strategically on a global scale. First and foremost is, of course, a drastic reduction in industrial emissi ...
... future where climate change will dominate environmental, political, and economic issues. Solutions to slow negative impacts of rapid and large changes are still possible, if we act swiftly and strategically on a global scale. First and foremost is, of course, a drastic reduction in industrial emissi ...
The effect of experimental warming and precipitation
... forest biomes show that the activity of N-degrading enzymes in the soil are less responsive to temperature than those that degrade soil C (Wallenstein et al., 2009; Brzostek & Finzi, 2011), suggesting that current generation of models may overestimate the availability of N to support primary product ...
... forest biomes show that the activity of N-degrading enzymes in the soil are less responsive to temperature than those that degrade soil C (Wallenstein et al., 2009; Brzostek & Finzi, 2011), suggesting that current generation of models may overestimate the availability of N to support primary product ...
Climate-friendly gardening
Climate-friendly gardening is gardening in ways which reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from gardens and encourage the absorption of carbon dioxide by soils and plants in order to aid the reduction of global warming.To be a climate-friendly gardener means considering both what happens in a garden and the materials brought into it and the impact they have on land use and climate.It can also include garden features or activities in the garden that help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere.