![Comment by: Patrick J. Michaels and Paul C. Knappenberger](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008903453_1-86555a7138c01db0d8a8c13747f4dc6f-300x300.png)
Comment by: Patrick J. Michaels and Paul C. Knappenberger
... in the IAMs. This was not done, despite there having been, since January 1, 2011, at least 14 new studies and 20 experiments (involving more than 45 researchers) examining the ECS, each lowering the best estimate and tightening the error distribution about that estimate. Instead, the IWG wrote in it ...
... in the IAMs. This was not done, despite there having been, since January 1, 2011, at least 14 new studies and 20 experiments (involving more than 45 researchers) examining the ECS, each lowering the best estimate and tightening the error distribution about that estimate. Instead, the IWG wrote in it ...
Long-term natural variability and 20th century climate change
... the possibility of steady or even declining global mean surface temperatures over the next several decades that could present a significant empirical obstacle to the implementation of policies directed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, global warming could likewise suddenly and without ...
... the possibility of steady or even declining global mean surface temperatures over the next several decades that could present a significant empirical obstacle to the implementation of policies directed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, global warming could likewise suddenly and without ...
Global warming as an asymmetric public bad
... on identical countries (van der Ploeg and de Zeeuw, 1992; Dockner and Long, 1993). In this view, global-warming mitigation is subject to free riding: because any country can reap benefits from another’s effort without bearing its cost, all mitigate too little in equilibrium and too much global warmi ...
... on identical countries (van der Ploeg and de Zeeuw, 1992; Dockner and Long, 1993). In this view, global-warming mitigation is subject to free riding: because any country can reap benefits from another’s effort without bearing its cost, all mitigate too little in equilibrium and too much global warmi ...
Authors from Canada, Russia, Norway, USA to be found by M
... lived greenhouse gases. Ozone and particulate matter including aerosol pollution, black carbon and sand and dust are atmospheric constituents that have very short atmospheric residence times compared to greenhouse gases yet the direct and indirect radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone and particul ...
... lived greenhouse gases. Ozone and particulate matter including aerosol pollution, black carbon and sand and dust are atmospheric constituents that have very short atmospheric residence times compared to greenhouse gases yet the direct and indirect radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone and particul ...
Ethical Anxieties About Geoengineering
... harm caused unintentionally, that the degree of ―wrongness‖ of an action has no bearing on its degree of ―badness‖.16 The issue is complicated by the fact that, since we know that continuing to burn fossil fuels will cause harm, it could be said that global warming is now ―deliberate‖ even if warmin ...
... harm caused unintentionally, that the degree of ―wrongness‖ of an action has no bearing on its degree of ―badness‖.16 The issue is complicated by the fact that, since we know that continuing to burn fossil fuels will cause harm, it could be said that global warming is now ―deliberate‖ even if warmin ...
Measuring the economic impact of climate change on
... This study employed a Ricardian model to measure the impact of climate change on South Africa’s field crops and analysed potential future impacts of further changes in the climate. A regression of farm net revenue on climate, soil and other socioeconomic variables was conducted to capture farmer-ada ...
... This study employed a Ricardian model to measure the impact of climate change on South Africa’s field crops and analysed potential future impacts of further changes in the climate. A regression of farm net revenue on climate, soil and other socioeconomic variables was conducted to capture farmer-ada ...
Improving predictions and management of hydrological extremes
... Second, also in today’s practice of digesting hydrometeorological information into a decision support system, many improvements can still be realised. These improvements, for instance, concern a better climatology of current risk, a better observational record of extreme events and their impacts, a ...
... Second, also in today’s practice of digesting hydrometeorological information into a decision support system, many improvements can still be realised. These improvements, for instance, concern a better climatology of current risk, a better observational record of extreme events and their impacts, a ...
Protecting Cultural Resources in Coastal U.S. National Parks from
... IPCC stated that changes in atmospheric gases (principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone) have significantly increased due to anthropogenic activities and that it is very likely (within a 90–99% probability) that these human influences are driving the observed changes in climate ...
... IPCC stated that changes in atmospheric gases (principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone) have significantly increased due to anthropogenic activities and that it is very likely (within a 90–99% probability) that these human influences are driving the observed changes in climate ...
Communicating Science: A Primer with Applications
... precision and technicality necessary in the lab, but as Alan Alda was able to draw out in his PBS show Scientific American Frontiers, most scientists do have a sense of humor about their work and what they’ve discovered. It is this excitement that needs to work its way into how those discoveries are ...
... precision and technicality necessary in the lab, but as Alan Alda was able to draw out in his PBS show Scientific American Frontiers, most scientists do have a sense of humor about their work and what they’ve discovered. It is this excitement that needs to work its way into how those discoveries are ...
M B V C
... A key challenge in the twenty-first century is to enable economic growth and increase both environmental quality and social inclusiveness, while mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The need for a transition to more sustainable consumption and production patterns is undeniable a ...
... A key challenge in the twenty-first century is to enable economic growth and increase both environmental quality and social inclusiveness, while mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The need for a transition to more sustainable consumption and production patterns is undeniable a ...
Report on WCRP developments/response post Review
... •The aim of WCRP is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth’s climate system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. • The Open Science Conference will thus assemble the scientific community working to ...
... •The aim of WCRP is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth’s climate system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. • The Open Science Conference will thus assemble the scientific community working to ...
Carbon and the Anthropocene
... rate of change are so great that the epoch since the start of the industrial revolution is often called the ‘Anthropocene’ to distinguish it from the preceding Holocene (starting about 12 000 BP). In the Anthropocene, human activities are significantly modifying the great natural cycles of carbon, w ...
... rate of change are so great that the epoch since the start of the industrial revolution is often called the ‘Anthropocene’ to distinguish it from the preceding Holocene (starting about 12 000 BP). In the Anthropocene, human activities are significantly modifying the great natural cycles of carbon, w ...
Hotte, Martin - Transportation Association of Canada
... The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a major issue in Quebec’s public policy. The transportation sector’s important role puts it front and centre in this challenge. There are many issues around the climate change phenomenon and they affect everyone. They will involve major changes in how we l ...
... The implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is a major issue in Quebec’s public policy. The transportation sector’s important role puts it front and centre in this challenge. There are many issues around the climate change phenomenon and they affect everyone. They will involve major changes in how we l ...
Flexible_Mechanisms_of_the_Kyoto_Protocol
... Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter – Kyoto Protocol); 2) assigned amount – the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions, which has been specified for the Republic of Latvia according to the Kyoto Protocol for the first period of commitment from 1 January 2008 to 31 December ...
... Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter – Kyoto Protocol); 2) assigned amount – the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions, which has been specified for the Republic of Latvia according to the Kyoto Protocol for the first period of commitment from 1 January 2008 to 31 December ...
Current and future climate of the Federated States of Micronesia M
... The content of this brochure is the result of a collaborative effort between the National Weather Service Offices of the Federated States of Micronesia and the Pacific Climate Change Science Program – a component of the Australian Government’s International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. This ...
... The content of this brochure is the result of a collaborative effort between the National Weather Service Offices of the Federated States of Micronesia and the Pacific Climate Change Science Program – a component of the Australian Government’s International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. This ...
Case Study Presentation - Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and
... flooding and declines in property values. MOECC, Halton Region CA, Peel Region as co-defendants. • U.S. Midwest… Insurance Co launched lawsuit against almost 200 municipalities to reclaim costs paid for flooding damage… alleged municipalities hadn’t done enough to prevent flooding from CC. ...
... flooding and declines in property values. MOECC, Halton Region CA, Peel Region as co-defendants. • U.S. Midwest… Insurance Co launched lawsuit against almost 200 municipalities to reclaim costs paid for flooding damage… alleged municipalities hadn’t done enough to prevent flooding from CC. ...
Nonstate Actors in the Global Climate Regime
... forestry policies, has the potential to radically alter consumption and production patterns throughout the industrialized world—and to a lesser extent in agricultural societies. Thus it has the potential to influence, synergistically, a host of other environmental and social problems. In this sense ...
... forestry policies, has the potential to radically alter consumption and production patterns throughout the industrialized world—and to a lesser extent in agricultural societies. Thus it has the potential to influence, synergistically, a host of other environmental and social problems. In this sense ...
The Use of Climate Change Scenarios for Supporting Decision
... human and natural systems, and our ability to understand and anticipate potential future changes: 1. global phenomenon, potentially affecting everything, everywhere; its impacts are ubiquitous with respect to factors such as geographic region, type of system, population group, socioeconomic sector 2 ...
... human and natural systems, and our ability to understand and anticipate potential future changes: 1. global phenomenon, potentially affecting everything, everywhere; its impacts are ubiquitous with respect to factors such as geographic region, type of system, population group, socioeconomic sector 2 ...
here - Cloudfront.net
... deeper information about climate change are not likely to have significant effects in climate literacy for all audiences •Audiences are diverse and effects of education interventions are hard to measure due to great variability in response variables. A segmentation design is needed. ...
... deeper information about climate change are not likely to have significant effects in climate literacy for all audiences •Audiences are diverse and effects of education interventions are hard to measure due to great variability in response variables. A segmentation design is needed. ...
Product User Guide Version 4 (PUGv4) for the XCO2 - GHG-CCI
... XCH4): SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS on GOSAT. Both instruments measure NIR/SWIR spectra of reflected solar radiation and are sensitive to CO2 and CH4 concentration changes close to the Earth’s surface. Consequently, they carry information on regional surface fluxes. The accuracy requirements f ...
... XCH4): SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS on GOSAT. Both instruments measure NIR/SWIR spectra of reflected solar radiation and are sensitive to CO2 and CH4 concentration changes close to the Earth’s surface. Consequently, they carry information on regional surface fluxes. The accuracy requirements f ...
Introduction
... More specifically, IAM constitute an attempt to find answers to the following questions: (1) what are the best economic compromises involving measures designed to limit climate change and adaptation to it ? (2) What is the optimum distribution of the burden of mitigation and adaptation measures over ...
... More specifically, IAM constitute an attempt to find answers to the following questions: (1) what are the best economic compromises involving measures designed to limit climate change and adaptation to it ? (2) What is the optimum distribution of the burden of mitigation and adaptation measures over ...
Helping the poorest to survive
... analysis to focus on the most vulnerable; and to identify and reduce the most significant vulnerabilities they face according to their needs Value the knowledge and strategies that the poor are already using to cope with climate change, use them as a basis to identify priorities and to define action ...
... analysis to focus on the most vulnerable; and to identify and reduce the most significant vulnerabilities they face according to their needs Value the knowledge and strategies that the poor are already using to cope with climate change, use them as a basis to identify priorities and to define action ...
Climate Change and Variability in Southeast Zimbabwe
... procedures and analysis. Data on the climate change scenarios in southeastern Zimbabwe was mainly obtained from daily climatic records of the Zimbabwe Meteorological Services Department (ZMSD). Daily rainfall and temperature data were obtained for three principal weather stations in southeastern Zim ...
... procedures and analysis. Data on the climate change scenarios in southeastern Zimbabwe was mainly obtained from daily climatic records of the Zimbabwe Meteorological Services Department (ZMSD). Daily rainfall and temperature data were obtained for three principal weather stations in southeastern Zim ...
Climate change and sustainable water resources: placing the threat
... by 2080 (Fig. 1 ) suggests increases in equatorial regions, peaking at over 50% in parts of East Africa and eastern Brazil, much of Southeast Asia, the USA (except the Great Plains) and the south-central Asian republics of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), as well as generally north of 6 ...
... by 2080 (Fig. 1 ) suggests increases in equatorial regions, peaking at over 50% in parts of East Africa and eastern Brazil, much of Southeast Asia, the USA (except the Great Plains) and the south-central Asian republics of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), as well as generally north of 6 ...
Weather, Climate – Society and Culture
... On the other hand climate is the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place1; a region of Earth having particular meteorological condition3. It can also be defined as the conditions of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface at certain location on Earth. But there are distinct diffe ...
... On the other hand climate is the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place1; a region of Earth having particular meteorological condition3. It can also be defined as the conditions of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface at certain location on Earth. But there are distinct diffe ...
Fred Singer
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/S_Fred_Singer_2011.jpg?width=300)
Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia. Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research, atmospheric pollution, rocket and satellite technology, his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between CFCs and stratospheric ozone loss, his public denial of the health risks of passive smoking, and as an advocate for climate change denial. He is the author or editor of several books including Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), and Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). He has also co-authored Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years (2007) with Dennis Avery, and Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) with Craig Idso.Singer has had a varied career, serving in the armed forces, government, and academia. He designed mines for the U.S. Navy during World War II, before obtaining his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1948 and working as a scientific liaison officer in the U.S. Embassy in London. He became a leading figure in early space research, was involved in the development of earth observation satellites, and in 1962 established the National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. He was the founding dean of the University of Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences in 1964, and held several government positions, including deputy assistant administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, and chief scientist for the Department of Transportation. He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.In 1990 Singer founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project to advocate for climate change denial, and in 2006 was named by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as one of a minority of scientists said to be creating a stand-off on a consensus on climate change. Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.He is an opponent of the Kyoto Protocol, and has claimed climate models as not based on reality, and not evidence. Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues.