chapter
... lithosphere (land)—all energized by insolation. External processes, principally from human activity, affect this climatic balance and force climate change. [After J. Houghton, The Global Climate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984); and the Global Atmospheric Research Program.] ...
... lithosphere (land)—all energized by insolation. External processes, principally from human activity, affect this climatic balance and force climate change. [After J. Houghton, The Global Climate (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984); and the Global Atmospheric Research Program.] ...
Variability and Triggering Factors of Observed Global Mean Land
... the global energy cycle. Thus, global mean precipitation is a measure for the intensity of the global water and energy cycle. The intensity of evaporation depends on the surface air temperature SAT, which itself is driven by global natural and anthropogenic forcing and internal climate variability. ...
... the global energy cycle. Thus, global mean precipitation is a measure for the intensity of the global water and energy cycle. The intensity of evaporation depends on the surface air temperature SAT, which itself is driven by global natural and anthropogenic forcing and internal climate variability. ...
Earth`s Climate
... room and have pairs take turns describing one way the features are different or similar. ...
... room and have pairs take turns describing one way the features are different or similar. ...
Performance Benchmark E
... therefore, students incorrectly think that these two result in global climate change. In fact, the two phenomena are not closely related. The enhanced greenhouse effect is predicted to result from increased emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases due to human activity. This enhanced greenhouse ef ...
... therefore, students incorrectly think that these two result in global climate change. In fact, the two phenomena are not closely related. The enhanced greenhouse effect is predicted to result from increased emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases due to human activity. This enhanced greenhouse ef ...
printer-friendly version
... therefore, students incorrectly think that these two result in global climate change. In fact, the two phenomena are not closely related. The enhanced greenhouse effect is predicted to result from increased emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases due to human activity. This enhanced greenhouse ef ...
... therefore, students incorrectly think that these two result in global climate change. In fact, the two phenomena are not closely related. The enhanced greenhouse effect is predicted to result from increased emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases due to human activity. This enhanced greenhouse ef ...
- Robert Falkner
... on Environment and Development–UNCED) a more fully formed sub-discipline had emerged with its own journals (Global Environmental Change, from 1990; International Environmental Affairs, 1991–1998) and a growing number of GEP textbooks [5]. By this time, GEP research had begun to address the ever-grow ...
... on Environment and Development–UNCED) a more fully formed sub-discipline had emerged with its own journals (Global Environmental Change, from 1990; International Environmental Affairs, 1991–1998) and a growing number of GEP textbooks [5]. By this time, GEP research had begun to address the ever-grow ...
Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Amphibian
... osmosis and water loss through evaporation, also heavily influences amphibian physiology and behavior. Most amphibian species have highly vascularized permeable skin, which acts as an osmoregulatory and respiratory organ. With the exception of a few “watertight” species, water moves freely across th ...
... osmosis and water loss through evaporation, also heavily influences amphibian physiology and behavior. Most amphibian species have highly vascularized permeable skin, which acts as an osmoregulatory and respiratory organ. With the exception of a few “watertight” species, water moves freely across th ...
Climate change and Tourism in the Alps: a position paper in view of
... cooperation projects focusing on the Alpine region have been dealing with the issue of climate change. In particular the Alpine Space Programme, starting with ClimChAlp (2006-2008), focused on the issue of adaptation to climate change in the following call (2008-2011) through several projects: CLISP ...
... cooperation projects focusing on the Alpine region have been dealing with the issue of climate change. In particular the Alpine Space Programme, starting with ClimChAlp (2006-2008), focused on the issue of adaptation to climate change in the following call (2008-2011) through several projects: CLISP ...
Land - Use/Land Cover Change as a
... each radiative forcing is indicated by the labels “warming” and “cooling.” From: National Research Council, 2005: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties,, Committee on Radiative Forcing Effects on Climate, Climate Research Committee, 224 pp. http://ww ...
... each radiative forcing is indicated by the labels “warming” and “cooling.” From: National Research Council, 2005: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties,, Committee on Radiative Forcing Effects on Climate, Climate Research Committee, 224 pp. http://ww ...
Enhancing the relevance of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for
... 3 Global scenarios of the past decade and their use and shortcomings for IAV analyses Over the past decade, several global scenario sets for global environmental assessments were developed (van Vuuren et al. 2012a) such as the IPCC SRES (Nakicenovic et al. 2000), the Global Environmental Outlook sce ...
... 3 Global scenarios of the past decade and their use and shortcomings for IAV analyses Over the past decade, several global scenario sets for global environmental assessments were developed (van Vuuren et al. 2012a) such as the IPCC SRES (Nakicenovic et al. 2000), the Global Environmental Outlook sce ...
The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect
... Arrhenius brought up the possibility of future warming in an impressive scientific article and a widely read book. By the time the book was published, 1908, the rate of coal burning was already significantly higher than in 1896, and Arrhenius suggested warming might appear wihin a few centuries rath ...
... Arrhenius brought up the possibility of future warming in an impressive scientific article and a widely read book. By the time the book was published, 1908, the rate of coal burning was already significantly higher than in 1896, and Arrhenius suggested warming might appear wihin a few centuries rath ...
The Framing of Fossil Fuels and Climate Change
... In this country the environment has historically been looked at as a commodity that should be used for the betterment of society. While there have been people who saw the environment and nature as part of the community rather than just a commodity, those people were not in the majority. The “environ ...
... In this country the environment has historically been looked at as a commodity that should be used for the betterment of society. While there have been people who saw the environment and nature as part of the community rather than just a commodity, those people were not in the majority. The “environ ...
Climate Change and the Skiing Industry: Impacts and Potential
... not traffic to and from the country for the purpose of skiing. Hence, the percentage indicating the share of skiing related traffic is likely to be much higher. 2.2.3 Impacts of buildings and infrastructure The number of hotels in Switzerland was around 6300 in 1993. Although this number has fallen ...
... not traffic to and from the country for the purpose of skiing. Hence, the percentage indicating the share of skiing related traffic is likely to be much higher. 2.2.3 Impacts of buildings and infrastructure The number of hotels in Switzerland was around 6300 in 1993. Although this number has fallen ...
Climate Change and Water in Africa: Analysis of Knowledge Gaps
... 2005). Dry regime, rainfall less than 400 mm year‐1, covers 41% of the continent. The intermediate regime, between 400 and 1000 mm year‐1, covers 25% of the continent. Mean annual rainfall ranges from less than 1 mm year‐1 in parts of the Sahara to over 5000 mm year‐1 in some are ...
... 2005). Dry regime, rainfall less than 400 mm year‐1, covers 41% of the continent. The intermediate regime, between 400 and 1000 mm year‐1, covers 25% of the continent. Mean annual rainfall ranges from less than 1 mm year‐1 in parts of the Sahara to over 5000 mm year‐1 in some are ...
The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1
... to be too low by about 0.8–0.9 K globally and 1.0–1.1 K over land. The global precipitation is estimated to be up to about 0.15 mm day−1 too high, the evaporation from oceans is over-estimated with ca. 4 %, and the net flux between oceans and continents are ca. 8 % over-estimated. The intensity of t ...
... to be too low by about 0.8–0.9 K globally and 1.0–1.1 K over land. The global precipitation is estimated to be up to about 0.15 mm day−1 too high, the evaporation from oceans is over-estimated with ca. 4 %, and the net flux between oceans and continents are ca. 8 % over-estimated. The intensity of t ...
Carbon Dynamics in the Future Forest: the Importance
... research, CA, NV), mean annual temperatures are expected to increase by 1–5 °C throughout the 21st century, whereas projected precipitation is variable (Coats et al., 2010). Throughout the Sierra Nevada, changing climate conditions are expected to reduce snow pack with more precipitation falling as ...
... research, CA, NV), mean annual temperatures are expected to increase by 1–5 °C throughout the 21st century, whereas projected precipitation is variable (Coats et al., 2010). Throughout the Sierra Nevada, changing climate conditions are expected to reduce snow pack with more precipitation falling as ...
Building up for Paris - Green European Foundation
... its own section. “Loss and Damage“ is therefore seen as part of adaptation.7 This causes problems as slow onset events such as ocean acidification and extreme weather events like typhoons are consequences of climate change, which do not allow adequate adaptation. The stakes are very high for the Con ...
... its own section. “Loss and Damage“ is therefore seen as part of adaptation.7 This causes problems as slow onset events such as ocean acidification and extreme weather events like typhoons are consequences of climate change, which do not allow adequate adaptation. The stakes are very high for the Con ...
United Kingdom
... A spectroradiometer is co-located with the Brewer spectrophotometer in Reading, funded as part of the Defra monitoring programme. The Bentham DM150 UV spectroradiometer has been in place since 1993, and is regularly calibrated in situ. The instrument takes measurements from 290nm to 500nm at 0.5nm r ...
... A spectroradiometer is co-located with the Brewer spectrophotometer in Reading, funded as part of the Defra monitoring programme. The Bentham DM150 UV spectroradiometer has been in place since 1993, and is regularly calibrated in situ. The instrument takes measurements from 290nm to 500nm at 0.5nm r ...
i4332e11
... century is very likely (more than a 90% chance) due to observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations”, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007, WG1). ■ “There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by hum ...
... century is very likely (more than a 90% chance) due to observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations”, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007, WG1). ■ “There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by hum ...
Simulations show decreasing carbon stocks and potential for carbon
... conditions are established through a spin-up simulation that can span many thousands of years until the system reaches a steady state with respect to soil carbon fluxes. The compartment C and N values reached at this steady state are used as starting values for further simulations. Our spin-up simula ...
... conditions are established through a spin-up simulation that can span many thousands of years until the system reaches a steady state with respect to soil carbon fluxes. The compartment C and N values reached at this steady state are used as starting values for further simulations. Our spin-up simula ...
high confidence
... Climate change and sea level rise may damage European cultural heritage, including buildings, local industries, landscapes, archaeological sites, and iconic places [medium confidence] and some cultural landscapes may be lost forever [low confidence] ...
... Climate change and sea level rise may damage European cultural heritage, including buildings, local industries, landscapes, archaeological sites, and iconic places [medium confidence] and some cultural landscapes may be lost forever [low confidence] ...
Global Change and the Earth System
... 20th century. During the last 100 years human population soared from little more than one to six billion and economic activity increased nearly 10-fold between 1950 and 2000. The world’s population is more tightly connected than ever before via globalisation of economies and information flows. Half ...
... 20th century. During the last 100 years human population soared from little more than one to six billion and economic activity increased nearly 10-fold between 1950 and 2000. The world’s population is more tightly connected than ever before via globalisation of economies and information flows. Half ...
Yurok Tribe and Climate Change:
... “The term Climate Change is used to refer to changes in the Earth's climate. In the most general sense, it can be taken to mean changes over all timescales and in all of the components of climate, including precipitation and clouds as well as temperature. Climate changes can be caused both by natura ...
... “The term Climate Change is used to refer to changes in the Earth's climate. In the most general sense, it can be taken to mean changes over all timescales and in all of the components of climate, including precipitation and clouds as well as temperature. Climate changes can be caused both by natura ...
Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and
... review is based mostly on evidence in temperate regions, and we discuss the extrapolation to regions for which little knowledge of O3 effects currently exists. Finally, we assess possible risks and benefits of different climate and air pollution policies for the ERs, and for the major biomes within ...
... review is based mostly on evidence in temperate regions, and we discuss the extrapolation to regions for which little knowledge of O3 effects currently exists. Finally, we assess possible risks and benefits of different climate and air pollution policies for the ERs, and for the major biomes within ...
Fred Singer
Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia. Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research, atmospheric pollution, rocket and satellite technology, his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between CFCs and stratospheric ozone loss, his public denial of the health risks of passive smoking, and as an advocate for climate change denial. He is the author or editor of several books including Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), and Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). He has also co-authored Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years (2007) with Dennis Avery, and Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) with Craig Idso.Singer has had a varied career, serving in the armed forces, government, and academia. He designed mines for the U.S. Navy during World War II, before obtaining his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1948 and working as a scientific liaison officer in the U.S. Embassy in London. He became a leading figure in early space research, was involved in the development of earth observation satellites, and in 1962 established the National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. He was the founding dean of the University of Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences in 1964, and held several government positions, including deputy assistant administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, and chief scientist for the Department of Transportation. He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.In 1990 Singer founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project to advocate for climate change denial, and in 2006 was named by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as one of a minority of scientists said to be creating a stand-off on a consensus on climate change. Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.He is an opponent of the Kyoto Protocol, and has claimed climate models as not based on reality, and not evidence. Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues.