Thermodynamics
... as described by its particular thermodynamic parameters at a specific time. The state of any thermodynamic system can be described by a set of thermodynamic parameters, such as temperature, pressure, density, composition, independently of its surroundings or history. Thermodynamic parameters: The pa ...
... as described by its particular thermodynamic parameters at a specific time. The state of any thermodynamic system can be described by a set of thermodynamic parameters, such as temperature, pressure, density, composition, independently of its surroundings or history. Thermodynamic parameters: The pa ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... mass and specific heat is given, but one thing is missing in this problem. Whenever you are asked in any problem to find out the entropy change of the universe, so to find out the entropy change of the universe, you have to know, what the surrounding temperature is, which is very important. You have ...
... mass and specific heat is given, but one thing is missing in this problem. Whenever you are asked in any problem to find out the entropy change of the universe, so to find out the entropy change of the universe, you have to know, what the surrounding temperature is, which is very important. You have ...
Meaning of Entropy in Classical Thermodynamics
... most of classical thermodynamics, its physical meaning continues to be elusive and confusing. This is especially true when we seek a reconstruction of the classical thermodynamics of a system from the statistical behavior of its constituent microscopic particles or vice versa. This paper sketches th ...
... most of classical thermodynamics, its physical meaning continues to be elusive and confusing. This is especially true when we seek a reconstruction of the classical thermodynamics of a system from the statistical behavior of its constituent microscopic particles or vice versa. This paper sketches th ...
Second Law of Thermodynamics
... The second law of thermodynamics explains the direction in which the thermodynamic processes tend to go. That is, it limits the types of final states of the system that naturally evolve from a given initial state. The second law has many practical applications. For example it explains the limits of ...
... The second law of thermodynamics explains the direction in which the thermodynamic processes tend to go. That is, it limits the types of final states of the system that naturally evolve from a given initial state. The second law has many practical applications. For example it explains the limits of ...
First Law of Thermodynamics
... liquid are loosely bound and may mix with one another freely. (While a liquid has a definite volume, it still takes the shape of its container. The molecules of a gas interact with each other slightly, but usually move at higher speeds than that of solid of liquid. In all three states of matter the ...
... liquid are loosely bound and may mix with one another freely. (While a liquid has a definite volume, it still takes the shape of its container. The molecules of a gas interact with each other slightly, but usually move at higher speeds than that of solid of liquid. In all three states of matter the ...
Highly-Efficient Selective Metamaterial Absorber
... Clean and abundant solar energy has been intensively explored as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels over the past decades.[1] As a key component, absorbers that convert solar radiation into thermal energy greatly affect the performance of various solar thermal systems. An ideal solar absorbe ...
... Clean and abundant solar energy has been intensively explored as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels over the past decades.[1] As a key component, absorbers that convert solar radiation into thermal energy greatly affect the performance of various solar thermal systems. An ideal solar absorbe ...
18 The First Law of Thermodynamics
... as the object gets hotter or colder. For example, put a balloon full of air into the freezer and you can observe for yourself that it gets smaller. A metal rod may grow a little longer when heated. Volume, length, electrical resistance, and pressure are examples of measurable properties of a materia ...
... as the object gets hotter or colder. For example, put a balloon full of air into the freezer and you can observe for yourself that it gets smaller. A metal rod may grow a little longer when heated. Volume, length, electrical resistance, and pressure are examples of measurable properties of a materia ...
The Energy-Entropy Principle
... but the paraügmatic physical approach of the middle XX century. This has the obvious advantage of making it easier to pass from that view to the new approach proposed, with simultaneous corroboration. The use of a well known book with physical interpretations, like Fermi's, permits to achieve this g ...
... but the paraügmatic physical approach of the middle XX century. This has the obvious advantage of making it easier to pass from that view to the new approach proposed, with simultaneous corroboration. The use of a well known book with physical interpretations, like Fermi's, permits to achieve this g ...
6. Macroscopic equilibrium states and state variables (Hiroshi
... mean by this definition. As the notion of temperature is derived from a notion of “equilibrium state,” we must first carefully define the equilibrium state. Equilibrium states of an isolated system with a constant uniform pressure Experiments have shown that when a single-component macroscopic syste ...
... mean by this definition. As the notion of temperature is derived from a notion of “equilibrium state,” we must first carefully define the equilibrium state. Equilibrium states of an isolated system with a constant uniform pressure Experiments have shown that when a single-component macroscopic syste ...
An availability approach to thermal energy recovery in vehicles
... The failure of practical engines to approach a high rational efficiency is due to a range of irreversible processes. Within the cylinder, expansion of gases is rapid, with consequent large temperature differences, fluid motion, and heat transfer to the cylinder walls and piston crown. In order for the c ...
... The failure of practical engines to approach a high rational efficiency is due to a range of irreversible processes. Within the cylinder, expansion of gases is rapid, with consequent large temperature differences, fluid motion, and heat transfer to the cylinder walls and piston crown. In order for the c ...
Projections and coordinate systems
... • For a blackbody, ε is = 1. A blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A blackbody in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black body radiati ...
... • For a blackbody, ε is = 1. A blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A blackbody in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black body radiati ...
Chapter 3. Thermodynamics and Electrochemical Kinetics
... 3.1.5 Exergy and the Decrease in Exergy Principle The Carnot cycle efficiency is an application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, establishing the upward bound for the amount of useful work a heat engine can produce from heat. With the maximum conversion efficiency established, it is possible to co ...
... 3.1.5 Exergy and the Decrease in Exergy Principle The Carnot cycle efficiency is an application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, establishing the upward bound for the amount of useful work a heat engine can produce from heat. With the maximum conversion efficiency established, it is possible to co ...
Material Analysis and Application for Radio Frequency
... communication technologies, which have many applications, such as base stations of mobile communication networks and wireless internet antennas. In the context of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) discipline, the word shield is used to describe any sort of metal sheet or material capable of reflec ...
... communication technologies, which have many applications, such as base stations of mobile communication networks and wireless internet antennas. In the context of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) discipline, the word shield is used to describe any sort of metal sheet or material capable of reflec ...
F. J. García de Abajo, Phys. Rev. B 60, 6086
... from electrons to photons was carried out by Ohtaka and co-workers4,5,13 allowing methods developed for the simulation of low-energy electron diffraction to be employed in the study of photonic band structures for periodic arrays of spheres, and, more recently, for two-dimensional lattices of cylind ...
... from electrons to photons was carried out by Ohtaka and co-workers4,5,13 allowing methods developed for the simulation of low-energy electron diffraction to be employed in the study of photonic band structures for periodic arrays of spheres, and, more recently, for two-dimensional lattices of cylind ...
Thermal radiation
Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. An object with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. When the temperature of the body is greater than absolute zero, interatomic collisions cause the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules to change. This results in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation which produces electromagnetic radiation, and the wide spectrum of radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations that occur even at a single temperature.Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation emitted by animals and detectable with an infrared camera, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction—a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is very cold.Sunlight is part of thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun. The Earth also emits thermal radiation, but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution (infrared rather than visible) because it is cooler. The Earth's absorption of solar radiation, followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth.If a radiation-emitting object meets the physical characteristics of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium, the radiation is called blackbody radiation. Planck's law describes the spectrum of blackbody radiation, which depends only on the object's temperature. Wien's displacement law determines the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the radiant intensity.Thermal radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer.