Challenges to adaptation - National Center for Atmospheric Research
... In Chapter 17 of AR4, Adger et al. (2007 p. 733) defined limits as “the conditions or factors that render adaptation ineffective.” They used the terms barriers and limits somewhat interchangeably, discussing physical, ecological, and technological limits alongside financial, informational, cognitive ...
... In Chapter 17 of AR4, Adger et al. (2007 p. 733) defined limits as “the conditions or factors that render adaptation ineffective.” They used the terms barriers and limits somewhat interchangeably, discussing physical, ecological, and technological limits alongside financial, informational, cognitive ...
The Recent Trend and Variance Increase of the
... interpret each 90-day segment as corresponding to one ‘‘winter’’ season. Thus the horizontal lines in Fig. 2, which illustrate the mean value for each 90-day segment, correspond to ‘‘winter-mean’’ values. Because each winter season is specified to be uncorrelated with the previous winter season, the ...
... interpret each 90-day segment as corresponding to one ‘‘winter’’ season. Thus the horizontal lines in Fig. 2, which illustrate the mean value for each 90-day segment, correspond to ‘‘winter-mean’’ values. Because each winter season is specified to be uncorrelated with the previous winter season, the ...
Coffee and Climate Change
... drought, 30% heavy rains, and 23% hurricanes. Most considered the frequency of these events has increased, but little can be done a part from shade management in some cases (mostly for drought). A survey by HRNS of farmers in 2010 conducted for the Coffee Climate initiative indicated weaker concerns ...
... drought, 30% heavy rains, and 23% hurricanes. Most considered the frequency of these events has increased, but little can be done a part from shade management in some cases (mostly for drought). A survey by HRNS of farmers in 2010 conducted for the Coffee Climate initiative indicated weaker concerns ...
Preserving the Ocean Circulation
... a temperature increase comparable to the warming since the last Ice Age [Lorius et al., 1990]. In contrast to these conclusions, several authors have suggested that the dangerous level of interference may start when anthropogenic climate change exceeds substantially the range of relatively recent (e ...
... a temperature increase comparable to the warming since the last Ice Age [Lorius et al., 1990]. In contrast to these conclusions, several authors have suggested that the dangerous level of interference may start when anthropogenic climate change exceeds substantially the range of relatively recent (e ...
Bolivia: Climate change, poverty and adaptation
... Bolivia was responsible for just 0.04 per cent of world emissions of Greenhouse gases (GHGs), one of the lowest percentages in the world.4 However, this figure did not include emissions from changes in land use (mainly deforestation), which accounts for nearly 80 per cent of Bolivia’s total GHG emis ...
... Bolivia was responsible for just 0.04 per cent of world emissions of Greenhouse gases (GHGs), one of the lowest percentages in the world.4 However, this figure did not include emissions from changes in land use (mainly deforestation), which accounts for nearly 80 per cent of Bolivia’s total GHG emis ...
The fate of Amazonian ecosystems over the coming century arising
... 2013). Findings of increasing biomass in studies of forest inventories in the tropics have been interpreted as indicating that CO2 fertilization may be occurring (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2009); however, there is currently limited direct evidence from large-scale experimental studies in tro ...
... 2013). Findings of increasing biomass in studies of forest inventories in the tropics have been interpreted as indicating that CO2 fertilization may be occurring (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2009); however, there is currently limited direct evidence from large-scale experimental studies in tro ...
Latin America
... this basin. Any reductions in rainfall would affect not only Amazonia but also Brazil’s central-south region, where most of the country’s agriculture and silviculture are located. However, with the current rate of deforestation of no more than 10% in Amazonia as a whole, discharge observations acros ...
... this basin. Any reductions in rainfall would affect not only Amazonia but also Brazil’s central-south region, where most of the country’s agriculture and silviculture are located. However, with the current rate of deforestation of no more than 10% in Amazonia as a whole, discharge observations acros ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRESERVING THE OCEAN
... a temperature increase comparable to the warming since the last Ice Age [Lorius et al., 1990]. In contrast to these conclusions, several authors have suggested that the dangerous level of interference may start when anthropogenic climate change exceeds substantially the range of relatively recent (e ...
... a temperature increase comparable to the warming since the last Ice Age [Lorius et al., 1990]. In contrast to these conclusions, several authors have suggested that the dangerous level of interference may start when anthropogenic climate change exceeds substantially the range of relatively recent (e ...
American Evangelicals and Domestic Versus International Climate
... sacralized view of American exceptionalism, and they reject compromises with secular and socialist foreign powers that would endanger the divine covenant on which the United States was built (Lieven, 2004). Second, many evangelicals see international institutions as stepping stones to a single world ...
... sacralized view of American exceptionalism, and they reject compromises with secular and socialist foreign powers that would endanger the divine covenant on which the United States was built (Lieven, 2004). Second, many evangelicals see international institutions as stepping stones to a single world ...
SHAKY SCIENCE: INCONVENIENT TRUTHS CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
... would be appropriate to use the most recent IPCC reports, including the chapters focusing on North America, and the U.S. government Climate Change Science Program [CCSP] Synthesis Reports as scientific assessments that could serve as an important source or as the primary basis for the Agency’s issua ...
... would be appropriate to use the most recent IPCC reports, including the chapters focusing on North America, and the U.S. government Climate Change Science Program [CCSP] Synthesis Reports as scientific assessments that could serve as an important source or as the primary basis for the Agency’s issua ...
challenges in quantifying changes in the global water cycle
... cycle. Pendergrass and Hartmann (2012) show how Stratospheric aerosols from explosive volcanic black carbon forcing influences the intermodel spread eruptions also influence the water cycle. Sharp rein global-mean precipitation change in the Coupled ductions in observed global-mean land precipitatio ...
... cycle. Pendergrass and Hartmann (2012) show how Stratospheric aerosols from explosive volcanic black carbon forcing influences the intermodel spread eruptions also influence the water cycle. Sharp rein global-mean precipitation change in the Coupled ductions in observed global-mean land precipitatio ...
CLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES
... At the time of launching the project very few people in Finland knew about climate equity. The project wanted to introduce the concept and some basics especially to the people working on climate issues: government officials, politicians, journalists, NGO representatives and businessmen and women. Th ...
... At the time of launching the project very few people in Finland knew about climate equity. The project wanted to introduce the concept and some basics especially to the people working on climate issues: government officials, politicians, journalists, NGO representatives and businessmen and women. Th ...
The Economic Climate: Establishing Expert Consensus on the
... than the scientific consensus. He argues that by presenting these opinions in the form of a “sophisticated” model, modelers dishonestly represent IAMs as current scientific consensus, instead of as a black box that transforms the modeler’s assumptions into policy recommendations and SCC estimates. ...
... than the scientific consensus. He argues that by presenting these opinions in the form of a “sophisticated” model, modelers dishonestly represent IAMs as current scientific consensus, instead of as a black box that transforms the modeler’s assumptions into policy recommendations and SCC estimates. ...
Accessing and Using Climate Data and Information in Fragile, Data
... Weather systems are patterns of weather that can vary in duration and spatial extent. They can be very localized and short-lived, such as severe thunderstorms and tornadoes; they can also be larger-scale storms such as tropical cyclones or prolonged dry and sunny weather. Climate is often described ...
... Weather systems are patterns of weather that can vary in duration and spatial extent. They can be very localized and short-lived, such as severe thunderstorms and tornadoes; they can also be larger-scale storms such as tropical cyclones or prolonged dry and sunny weather. Climate is often described ...
A Proposed New Metric For Quantifying The Climatic Effects Of Human-Caused
... and ranges in 2005 for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radia ...
... and ranges in 2005 for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radia ...
Future Weather
... on changes in precipitation extremes on different scales ranging from intense showers at local scales to multi-day precipitation extremes over the Rhine catchment area. On an intermediate scale, regional differences in precipitation within the Netherlands are studied. Finally, we considered a worst ...
... on changes in precipitation extremes on different scales ranging from intense showers at local scales to multi-day precipitation extremes over the Rhine catchment area. On an intermediate scale, regional differences in precipitation within the Netherlands are studied. Finally, we considered a worst ...
Debating Climate Change David Weisbach
... these constraints are not useful. Moreover, we do not need a theory of justice tell us that we need to comply with these constraints: we do not need a theory of justice to tell us to get out of the way of a moving train. The second step, detailed in Chapter 3, focuses on the problems of trying to ap ...
... these constraints are not useful. Moreover, we do not need a theory of justice tell us that we need to comply with these constraints: we do not need a theory of justice to tell us to get out of the way of a moving train. The second step, detailed in Chapter 3, focuses on the problems of trying to ap ...
Climate Change Fact Sheet Series
... years the Earth’s surface and lowest part of the atmosphere have warmed up on average by about 0.6oC. During this period, manmade emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels for energy and trans ...
... years the Earth’s surface and lowest part of the atmosphere have warmed up on average by about 0.6oC. During this period, manmade emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels for energy and trans ...
How to Avoid Dangerous Climate Change
... of this magnitude could, for example, result in such large-scale, irreversible changes as the extinction of many species and the destabilization and extensive melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets—causing global sea level to rise between 12 and 40 feet. In light of this evidence, po ...
... of this magnitude could, for example, result in such large-scale, irreversible changes as the extinction of many species and the destabilization and extensive melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets—causing global sea level to rise between 12 and 40 feet. In light of this evidence, po ...
The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate
... examine the basic consequences for climate protection. To help indicate that the uncertainty in these scenarios increases with time after the initial year due to unknowable factors, the scenario shadings in Figs. 1 and 2 are changed after 2010. In using these scenarios, we acknowledge that others co ...
... examine the basic consequences for climate protection. To help indicate that the uncertainty in these scenarios increases with time after the initial year due to unknowable factors, the scenario shadings in Figs. 1 and 2 are changed after 2010. In using these scenarios, we acknowledge that others co ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.