WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
... radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. After the recent Pinatoba and El Cion volcanic eruptions, the average temperature of the earth fell to some extent for some years. The most important anthropogenic effect on the climate is the increasing trend in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the at ...
... radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. After the recent Pinatoba and El Cion volcanic eruptions, the average temperature of the earth fell to some extent for some years. The most important anthropogenic effect on the climate is the increasing trend in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the at ...
PRISM3D surface ocean (goal 1)
... What does PlioMIP Phase I tell us 1. Tropics, upwelling & mid-high latitude North Atlantic are new targets. 2. Need to reduce uncertainty in both simulations and paleo estimates. How? ...
... What does PlioMIP Phase I tell us 1. Tropics, upwelling & mid-high latitude North Atlantic are new targets. 2. Need to reduce uncertainty in both simulations and paleo estimates. How? ...
Environmental, Economical and Social Impacts of Climate Change
... Introduction In recent years climate change has became the greatest threat on human life. Scientists believe that Earth’s temperature is gradually increasing with an average rate of 0.8 °C and it will continue to increases to reach 0.87 °C by 2020 (IPCC, 2014). ...
... Introduction In recent years climate change has became the greatest threat on human life. Scientists believe that Earth’s temperature is gradually increasing with an average rate of 0.8 °C and it will continue to increases to reach 0.87 °C by 2020 (IPCC, 2014). ...
Dramatically increasing chance of extremely hot summers since the
... by 10◦ W–40◦ E and 30◦ –50◦ N, which, among a number of predefined climatic regions19 , was mostly affected by the 2003 heatwave. The use of a pre-defined region helps minimize selection bias. The selected area largely includes the countries where heat-related mortality peaked (France, Germany and I ...
... by 10◦ W–40◦ E and 30◦ –50◦ N, which, among a number of predefined climatic regions19 , was mostly affected by the 2003 heatwave. The use of a pre-defined region helps minimize selection bias. The selected area largely includes the countries where heat-related mortality peaked (France, Germany and I ...
CLIMATE FORCINGS, FEEDBACKS, AND TELECONNECTIONS IN THE LAND SURFACE-VEGETATION-WATER COMPONENTS OF THE
... Thus T is the "global average surface temperature." However, where is this temperature and its change with time, T', diagnosed?" Question: What is the level at which this temperature is monitored? Is T ′ height invariant near the surface, if the lowest levels of the atmosphere are used to compute T ...
... Thus T is the "global average surface temperature." However, where is this temperature and its change with time, T', diagnosed?" Question: What is the level at which this temperature is monitored? Is T ′ height invariant near the surface, if the lowest levels of the atmosphere are used to compute T ...
Eos
... part) that have finer horizontal grid resolution of surface features such as terrain [Castro et al., 2005]. Statistical downscaling uses transfer functions (e.g., regression relationships) representing observed relationships between larger-scale atmospheric variables and local quantities such as dai ...
... part) that have finer horizontal grid resolution of surface features such as terrain [Castro et al., 2005]. Statistical downscaling uses transfer functions (e.g., regression relationships) representing observed relationships between larger-scale atmospheric variables and local quantities such as dai ...
Mountain weather and climate: A general overview and a focus on
... Meteorological and climatic processes in mountain regions play a key role in many environmental systems, in particular the quantity and quality of water that influences both aquatic ecosystems and economic systems often far beyond the boundaries of the mountains themselves.This paper will provide a g ...
... Meteorological and climatic processes in mountain regions play a key role in many environmental systems, in particular the quantity and quality of water that influences both aquatic ecosystems and economic systems often far beyond the boundaries of the mountains themselves.This paper will provide a g ...
Overlooked and Neglected Issues in Climate Change Studies: The Need for a
... Estimated radiative forcings since preindustrial times for the Earth and Troposphere system (TOA) radiative forcing with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertai ...
... Estimated radiative forcings since preindustrial times for the Earth and Troposphere system (TOA) radiative forcing with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertai ...
The Reality, Risks and Response to Climate Change
... variation? Does a particularly cold or snowy winter, such as the one the eastern United States experienced in 2013 and 2014, or variations in the rate of global surface temperature change call global warming into question? If the climate is changing, are human activities responsible, or is it being ...
... variation? Does a particularly cold or snowy winter, such as the one the eastern United States experienced in 2013 and 2014, or variations in the rate of global surface temperature change call global warming into question? If the climate is changing, are human activities responsible, or is it being ...
Increasing climate resiliency of Philippine
... The PEISS is a powerful tool that can manage ecosystem services that may be provided by mangroves which will subsequently increase the resilience of small coastal communities to climate change. This could include the following: Strengthening baseline assessment of mangroves Currently, information t ...
... The PEISS is a powerful tool that can manage ecosystem services that may be provided by mangroves which will subsequently increase the resilience of small coastal communities to climate change. This could include the following: Strengthening baseline assessment of mangroves Currently, information t ...
Impact of climate change on road infrastructure
... • much more detailed pavement deterioration algorithm covering roughness, rutting, cracking, potholing, ravelling, strength etc and consequently much more detailed data requirements • case studies of 8 road segments analysed in detail – one segment from each state and territory located in or near a ...
... • much more detailed pavement deterioration algorithm covering roughness, rutting, cracking, potholing, ravelling, strength etc and consequently much more detailed data requirements • case studies of 8 road segments analysed in detail – one segment from each state and territory located in or near a ...
Impact of climate change on road infrastructure
... • much more detailed pavement deterioration algorithm covering roughness, rutting, cracking, potholing, ravelling, strength etc and consequently much more detailed data requirements • case studies of 8 road segments analysed in detail – one segment from each state and territory located in or near a ...
... • much more detailed pavement deterioration algorithm covering roughness, rutting, cracking, potholing, ravelling, strength etc and consequently much more detailed data requirements • case studies of 8 road segments analysed in detail – one segment from each state and territory located in or near a ...
Lord Nicholas Stern Towards A Global Deal on Climate Change
... below this level, you would need to cut annual global emissions roughly by 50 percent by 2050 from 1990 levels, and keep on going down from there. I will come back to the question of the reductions that rich countries should make. You are going to see fairly quickly that they should be 80 percent fr ...
... below this level, you would need to cut annual global emissions roughly by 50 percent by 2050 from 1990 levels, and keep on going down from there. I will come back to the question of the reductions that rich countries should make. You are going to see fairly quickly that they should be 80 percent fr ...
Primary, secondary and tertiary effects of eco
... elements in the earth’s climate system’53 capture some of this dimension, as does the term ‘great acceleration’ with regard to our current position in the Anthropocene.4 However, neither idea fully articulates the consequences to global human public health from amplifying feedback between human acti ...
... elements in the earth’s climate system’53 capture some of this dimension, as does the term ‘great acceleration’ with regard to our current position in the Anthropocene.4 However, neither idea fully articulates the consequences to global human public health from amplifying feedback between human acti ...
Tenaghi Philippon (Greece) Revisited: Drilling a Continuous Lower
... Unprecedented insights into both short-term (i.e., decadalto centennial-scale) and long-term (i.e., orbital-scale) climate variability over the last 740 kyr have been derived from ice cores from polar regions (Dansgaard et al., 1993; EPICA community members, 2004). These records show that the higher ...
... Unprecedented insights into both short-term (i.e., decadalto centennial-scale) and long-term (i.e., orbital-scale) climate variability over the last 740 kyr have been derived from ice cores from polar regions (Dansgaard et al., 1993; EPICA community members, 2004). These records show that the higher ...
UNITED NATIONS ENVRIONMENT PROGRAM
... where states submit their own climate pledges based on their own capacity and willingness. Many considered this as an example of politics trumping science, claiming these weak pledges would not be enough to prevent a 2 °C increase in global temperature. Since 2009, subsequent negotiations have been ...
... where states submit their own climate pledges based on their own capacity and willingness. Many considered this as an example of politics trumping science, claiming these weak pledges would not be enough to prevent a 2 °C increase in global temperature. Since 2009, subsequent negotiations have been ...
Guidance on climate change for asset and
... Existing assets – strategic risk assessments taking account of expected climate risks within relevant timeframes should be undertaken to inform decision making. Consideration of actions to replace, upgrade, or relocate assets or infrastructure would be undertaken at the appropriate future time, supp ...
... Existing assets – strategic risk assessments taking account of expected climate risks within relevant timeframes should be undertaken to inform decision making. Consideration of actions to replace, upgrade, or relocate assets or infrastructure would be undertaken at the appropriate future time, supp ...
Toronto Environment Office: Toronto`s Future Weather and Climage
... eruptions) and then repeated including forcing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. The two sets of simulations diverge after about 1960, and only the simulations which include anthropogenic emissions reproduce the observed temperature changes. The simulations which only consider natu ...
... eruptions) and then repeated including forcing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. The two sets of simulations diverge after about 1960, and only the simulations which include anthropogenic emissions reproduce the observed temperature changes. The simulations which only consider natu ...
France - World Health Organization
... • In France, under a high emissions scenario, mean annual temperature is projected to rise by about 4.9°C on average from 1990 to 2100. If global emissions decrease rapidly, the temperature rise is limited to about 1.4°C (page 2). • In France, under a high emissions scenario, and without large inv ...
... • In France, under a high emissions scenario, mean annual temperature is projected to rise by about 4.9°C on average from 1990 to 2100. If global emissions decrease rapidly, the temperature rise is limited to about 1.4°C (page 2). • In France, under a high emissions scenario, and without large inv ...
toward a new generation of world climate research and
... answered. What if society is unable to substantially reduce CO2 emissions? What are the consequences of radical measures to offset global warming? Answering such questions will require detailed, quantitative predictions of climate change for the coming century on both global and regional scales, and ...
... answered. What if society is unable to substantially reduce CO2 emissions? What are the consequences of radical measures to offset global warming? Answering such questions will require detailed, quantitative predictions of climate change for the coming century on both global and regional scales, and ...
Climate change science and the climate change scare Contents
... By far the most important greenhouse gas is water vapour, which accounts for about 90% of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Carbon dioxide is a minor greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases absorb IR only at certain wavebands. Water vapour has many such bands, whereas CO2 has only a single significant one. ( ...
... By far the most important greenhouse gas is water vapour, which accounts for about 90% of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Carbon dioxide is a minor greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases absorb IR only at certain wavebands. Water vapour has many such bands, whereas CO2 has only a single significant one. ( ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.