Thirty years ago, half the developing world lived in extreme poverty
... The more than 5°C warming that unmitigated climate change could cause this century amounts to the difference between today’s climate and the last ice age, when glaciers reached central Europe and the northern United States. That change occurred over millennia; human-induced climate change is occurri ...
... The more than 5°C warming that unmitigated climate change could cause this century amounts to the difference between today’s climate and the last ice age, when glaciers reached central Europe and the northern United States. That change occurred over millennia; human-induced climate change is occurri ...
Will moist convection be stronger in a warmer climate?
... freezing level of 10– 12 m s1 for updraft cores over land and 4– 5 m s1 over ocean. GCM continental updraft speeds are slightly lower but clearly capture the land-ocean difference. Peak instantaneous updraft speeds over land (see Figure 3) are tens of m s1, as observed [Cotton and Anthes, 1989]. ...
... freezing level of 10– 12 m s1 for updraft cores over land and 4– 5 m s1 over ocean. GCM continental updraft speeds are slightly lower but clearly capture the land-ocean difference. Peak instantaneous updraft speeds over land (see Figure 3) are tens of m s1, as observed [Cotton and Anthes, 1989]. ...
A large ozone-circulation feedback and its implications for global
... Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3-AO) from the United ...
... Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3-AO) from the United ...
PDF
... takes a considerable amount of time and because of differences in the ability of wild species to migrate, and variations in local environmental conditions, communities may fail to replicate themselves in a changed location. Consequently, the habitats required by some species may disappear entirely r ...
... takes a considerable amount of time and because of differences in the ability of wild species to migrate, and variations in local environmental conditions, communities may fail to replicate themselves in a changed location. Consequently, the habitats required by some species may disappear entirely r ...
Land Use in Computable General Equilibrium Models: An Overview*
... CLUE are for China (Verburg et al., 1999) and for tropical South America (Wassenaar et al., 2007). The latter model works at the impressive spatial resolution of 3x3 km. SALU and IMAGE are examples of rule-based models. For instance, demand-driven expansion of agricultural production is met on the ...
... CLUE are for China (Verburg et al., 1999) and for tropical South America (Wassenaar et al., 2007). The latter model works at the impressive spatial resolution of 3x3 km. SALU and IMAGE are examples of rule-based models. For instance, demand-driven expansion of agricultural production is met on the ...
Talking about a revolution: climate change and the media
... Reasons for hope The media’s job is not to change the world. It is up to society to turn bad news into good. But the media does have a role to play in empowering people to make informed choices. Yet public, private and political reactions to climate change are still small relative to what powerful s ...
... Reasons for hope The media’s job is not to change the world. It is up to society to turn bad news into good. But the media does have a role to play in empowering people to make informed choices. Yet public, private and political reactions to climate change are still small relative to what powerful s ...
THE ACHILLES` HEELS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
... it. Thus paleo-environmental and prognostic modeling approaches are both central to Earth System science. The term “climate system” is also used in connection with global change and is encompassed within the Earth System. Climate usually refers to the aggregation of all components of weather—precipi ...
... it. Thus paleo-environmental and prognostic modeling approaches are both central to Earth System science. The term “climate system” is also used in connection with global change and is encompassed within the Earth System. Climate usually refers to the aggregation of all components of weather—precipi ...
Applying the Precautionary Principle to Global Warming
... to deal with conditions that would otherwise be fatal which, in turn, may postpone death even longer. For instance, U.S. deaths due to AIDS/HIV dropped from a high of 43,115 in 1995 to 13,210 in 1998.13 Thus if an HIV-positive person in the United States did not succumb to AIDS in 1995, because of t ...
... to deal with conditions that would otherwise be fatal which, in turn, may postpone death even longer. For instance, U.S. deaths due to AIDS/HIV dropped from a high of 43,115 in 1995 to 13,210 in 1998.13 Thus if an HIV-positive person in the United States did not succumb to AIDS in 1995, because of t ...
Climate change and thresholds of biome shifts in - mtc
... increase of 3–4°C in Amazonia. A key point for the consequences of climate change in biome distribution is the effect of higher atmospheric CO2 in carbon uptake through the CO2 fertilization effect [Curtis and Wang, 1998; Prentice et al., 2001; Lapola et al., 2009]. The magnitude of the fertilizatio ...
... increase of 3–4°C in Amazonia. A key point for the consequences of climate change in biome distribution is the effect of higher atmospheric CO2 in carbon uptake through the CO2 fertilization effect [Curtis and Wang, 1998; Prentice et al., 2001; Lapola et al., 2009]. The magnitude of the fertilizatio ...
From convergence to contention: United States mass media representations of
... in this analysis interrogates how power and scale constructs, reflects and reveals heterogeneous and complex phenomena such as language, knowledge and discourse (Forsyth 2003). Rayner has grappled with these epistemological challenges: For good or ill, we live in an era when science is culturally pr ...
... in this analysis interrogates how power and scale constructs, reflects and reveals heterogeneous and complex phenomena such as language, knowledge and discourse (Forsyth 2003). Rayner has grappled with these epistemological challenges: For good or ill, we live in an era when science is culturally pr ...
Effects of 20th Century Climate Change on Mountain Watersheds in
... Figures courtesy of Matt Wiley and Richard Palmer at CEE, UW ...
... Figures courtesy of Matt Wiley and Richard Palmer at CEE, UW ...
quantification of physical impacts on the nsw coastal zone due to
... etc. are likely to modify long-shore and cross-shore sediment transport patterns. This has the potential to increase the risk of severe coastal inundation and erosion at some locations. Furthermore, climate change driven changes to rainfall patterns, wind climate, solar radiation, temperature etc. m ...
... etc. are likely to modify long-shore and cross-shore sediment transport patterns. This has the potential to increase the risk of severe coastal inundation and erosion at some locations. Furthermore, climate change driven changes to rainfall patterns, wind climate, solar radiation, temperature etc. m ...
A in West Africa
... are not proponents of the work carried out by the IPCC. They are critical of this work, the results and the way in which it functions. While many of them do not refute the reality of recent global warming, they sometimes dispute the anthropogenic origin as set out in the letter signed by 61 scientis ...
... are not proponents of the work carried out by the IPCC. They are critical of this work, the results and the way in which it functions. While many of them do not refute the reality of recent global warming, they sometimes dispute the anthropogenic origin as set out in the letter signed by 61 scientis ...
Global Warming and Climate Change
... lution of the air have already been taken: in the Trail Smelter arbitration of 1935 and 1938; Principle 21 of the 1972 Declaration of the UN Conference on the Environment; the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Convention on the Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocol for sulphur r ...
... lution of the air have already been taken: in the Trail Smelter arbitration of 1935 and 1938; Principle 21 of the 1972 Declaration of the UN Conference on the Environment; the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Convention on the Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and its Protocol for sulphur r ...
The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change
... and WMO (2011) as well as Shindell et al. (2012) calculated the avoided warming to be 0.5(± 0.05) ◦ C by 2070. This estimate is consistent with RX10, which would also yield 0.5 ◦ C avoided warming if only CH4 , O3 , and BC were mitigated. All three studies calculated that full implementation of miti ...
... and WMO (2011) as well as Shindell et al. (2012) calculated the avoided warming to be 0.5(± 0.05) ◦ C by 2070. This estimate is consistent with RX10, which would also yield 0.5 ◦ C avoided warming if only CH4 , O3 , and BC were mitigated. All three studies calculated that full implementation of miti ...
Coupled Simulations of the 20th-Century including External Forcing
... et al., 1999), which are shown in their annual range. These time series are anomalies to their 1961-90 average. They overlay the ± 2σ range from CON shown in the gray shaded horizontal bar. Without forcing, the simulation would be expected to remain within this region. The simulation and observation ...
... et al., 1999), which are shown in their annual range. These time series are anomalies to their 1961-90 average. They overlay the ± 2σ range from CON shown in the gray shaded horizontal bar. Without forcing, the simulation would be expected to remain within this region. The simulation and observation ...
Folie 1 - uni
... Box 3: Climate Models: How are they built and how are they applied? Comprehensive climate models are based on physical laws represented by mathematical equations that are solved using a three-dimensional grid over the globe. For climate simulation, the major components of the climate system must be ...
... Box 3: Climate Models: How are they built and how are they applied? Comprehensive climate models are based on physical laws represented by mathematical equations that are solved using a three-dimensional grid over the globe. For climate simulation, the major components of the climate system must be ...
climate change and action - Center for urban disaster risk reduction
... they are more vulnerable to other stresses,” and that, “[t]his condition is most extreme among the poorest people.” Indeed, currently13, there are over 400 cities with populations of one million or more, and a large proportion of them are located in low- and middle-income nations and in hazard-prone ...
... they are more vulnerable to other stresses,” and that, “[t]his condition is most extreme among the poorest people.” Indeed, currently13, there are over 400 cities with populations of one million or more, and a large proportion of them are located in low- and middle-income nations and in hazard-prone ...
National contributions to observed global warming
... country’s contribution to climate warming. Furthermore, because of their short atmospheric lifetime, recent sulfate aerosol emissions have a large impact on a country’s current climate contribution We show also that there are vast disparities in both total and per-capita climate contributions among ...
... country’s contribution to climate warming. Furthermore, because of their short atmospheric lifetime, recent sulfate aerosol emissions have a large impact on a country’s current climate contribution We show also that there are vast disparities in both total and per-capita climate contributions among ...
Global Environmental Protection
... which would reduce the capacity of the nuclear energy industry to grow is frowned ...
... which would reduce the capacity of the nuclear energy industry to grow is frowned ...
Illustrated MS Word Version - Reformed Druids of North America
... took shower, ate popsicle. We connected with the animal each of us is working with this year and did an "Oracle of Delphi" thing where other members of the training could ask the animal questions about their lives. It was pretty neat. Morag and I have become the resident experts in identifying the n ...
... took shower, ate popsicle. We connected with the animal each of us is working with this year and did an "Oracle of Delphi" thing where other members of the training could ask the animal questions about their lives. It was pretty neat. Morag and I have become the resident experts in identifying the n ...
The Economics of Global Climate Change By Jonathan M. Harris and Brian Roach
... grown in cold climates. The global greenhouse effect, through which the earth’s atmosphere acts like the glass in a greenhouse, was first described by French scientist Jean Baptiste Fourier in 1824. Clouds, water vapor, and the natural greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, a ...
... grown in cold climates. The global greenhouse effect, through which the earth’s atmosphere acts like the glass in a greenhouse, was first described by French scientist Jean Baptiste Fourier in 1824. Clouds, water vapor, and the natural greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, a ...
Brief summary of the impact of ship emissions on atmospheric
... needed reduction targets may not be simple. Policymakers need to consider issues such as technological feasibility, economic efficiency, and total fuel cycle tradeoffs (Winebrake et al., 2007; Corbett and Winebrake, 2007). However, these considerations will help determine the appropriate and necessa ...
... needed reduction targets may not be simple. Policymakers need to consider issues such as technological feasibility, economic efficiency, and total fuel cycle tradeoffs (Winebrake et al., 2007; Corbett and Winebrake, 2007). However, these considerations will help determine the appropriate and necessa ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.