decadal climate variability, predictability and prediction
... established, and it is not known what effect initialization has on climate predictions. It is also not clear what predictions should be attempted or how will they be verified. The brevity of most instrumental records furthermore means that even the basic characteristics and mechanisms of decadal var ...
... established, and it is not known what effect initialization has on climate predictions. It is also not clear what predictions should be attempted or how will they be verified. The brevity of most instrumental records furthermore means that even the basic characteristics and mechanisms of decadal var ...
Climate change in the Netherlands
... Existing uncertainties have become more transparent by new research. There are indications that climate change may be more extreme than anticipated. Extreme scenarios (sometimes called ‘worst case’ scenarios) can be useful if the risks are large, for example if the safety of the coast is at stake, a ...
... Existing uncertainties have become more transparent by new research. There are indications that climate change may be more extreme than anticipated. Extreme scenarios (sometimes called ‘worst case’ scenarios) can be useful if the risks are large, for example if the safety of the coast is at stake, a ...
Biodiversity and biomes under climatic change
... functional trait is associated with a model function that determines the costs and benefits associated to living in a certain climate. For example, under limited water availability, plants benefit from increased root growth, which implies, however, that fewer resources are available for other functi ...
... functional trait is associated with a model function that determines the costs and benefits associated to living in a certain climate. For example, under limited water availability, plants benefit from increased root growth, which implies, however, that fewer resources are available for other functi ...
Williamson, Craig E., Jennifer A. Brentrup, Jing Zhang, William H
... al. 1999). UV and PAR transparency have been shown to be valuable sentinels of climate change in a wide variety of lakes ranging from boreal lakes in Canada (Gunn et al. 2001) to Arctic and Antarctic lakes (Vincent et al. 1998). More recent studies of UV and PAR transparency in a wide variety of sub ...
... al. 1999). UV and PAR transparency have been shown to be valuable sentinels of climate change in a wide variety of lakes ranging from boreal lakes in Canada (Gunn et al. 2001) to Arctic and Antarctic lakes (Vincent et al. 1998). More recent studies of UV and PAR transparency in a wide variety of sub ...
Global Change Impact Assessment for Himalayan Mountain Regions
... need to further reinforce the commitment, United Nations General Assembly has designated 11 December, from 2003 onwards, as 'International Mountain Day'. International Mountain Day thus provides a unique opportunity to move mountain issues higher on the global agenda and also help to serve as a spri ...
... need to further reinforce the commitment, United Nations General Assembly has designated 11 December, from 2003 onwards, as 'International Mountain Day'. International Mountain Day thus provides a unique opportunity to move mountain issues higher on the global agenda and also help to serve as a spri ...
Injection of CO 2
... However, it is vital for organizations such as SPARC to facilitate research that clarifies the benefits, dis-benefits, unintended consequences, feasibility, and other issues. Now that I have attended some workshops on this issue and taken part in many discussions as a part of writing the US National ...
... However, it is vital for organizations such as SPARC to facilitate research that clarifies the benefits, dis-benefits, unintended consequences, feasibility, and other issues. Now that I have attended some workshops on this issue and taken part in many discussions as a part of writing the US National ...
paper - user"s empty page at IIASA / 2013
... different gases. In this analysis, we adopt an approach that tries to take into account as many of these issues as possible. MESSAGE directly calculates CO2 emissions due to fossil fuels, cement production and gas flaring. For the non-CO2 gases, we use Delhotal et al., (2005) Schaefer et al., (2005) ...
... different gases. In this analysis, we adopt an approach that tries to take into account as many of these issues as possible. MESSAGE directly calculates CO2 emissions due to fossil fuels, cement production and gas flaring. For the non-CO2 gases, we use Delhotal et al., (2005) Schaefer et al., (2005) ...
International trends in public perceptions of climate change over the
... unease expressed in more recent years that sections of the public appear to have lost faith in climate science and scientists, and that the public and experts may be increasingly diverging in their assessments about climate change.21,22 In some parts of the world, there has been a growth in public s ...
... unease expressed in more recent years that sections of the public appear to have lost faith in climate science and scientists, and that the public and experts may be increasingly diverging in their assessments about climate change.21,22 In some parts of the world, there has been a growth in public s ...
The economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean
... Impacts of climate change on the Latin American and Caribbean region assuming a 2.5°C temperature increase, second half of the twenty-first century.................................................... 23 Latin America: the farm sector and the impacts of climate change, 2011 and 2080.................. ...
... Impacts of climate change on the Latin American and Caribbean region assuming a 2.5°C temperature increase, second half of the twenty-first century.................................................... 23 Latin America: the farm sector and the impacts of climate change, 2011 and 2080.................. ...
Lempert_Blossom_Talk_new
... – 75% though the ability of IEUA planner to plan for and manage effects was “greater” than before ...
... – 75% though the ability of IEUA planner to plan for and manage effects was “greater” than before ...
Quantifying the impacts of land surface schemes and dynamic
... budgets over land surface are important steps toward improving our confidence in climate change projections. In this study, the contribution of land surface models to the inter-GCM variation of projected future changes in land surface energy and water fluxes are assessed based on output from 19 global ...
... budgets over land surface are important steps toward improving our confidence in climate change projections. In this study, the contribution of land surface models to the inter-GCM variation of projected future changes in land surface energy and water fluxes are assessed based on output from 19 global ...
SimCLIM 2013 Data Manual 1 November 2013 Prepared By:
... SimCLIM software system. Climatic data may come from miscellaneous sources and may have different characteristics: for example, spatial resolutions, data formations and time spans. According to specific cases, these data are post-processed, standardized, and then are maintained by CLIMsystems for in ...
... SimCLIM software system. Climatic data may come from miscellaneous sources and may have different characteristics: for example, spatial resolutions, data formations and time spans. According to specific cases, these data are post-processed, standardized, and then are maintained by CLIMsystems for in ...
Draft Discussion Paper Ilaria Carrozza ESCAP/FfD/04/2015
... change and development patterns continue, by 2100, hundreds of millions of people, most of them in coastal areas of East, Southeast and South Asia, may be displaced unless adaptation measures are put in place. It has been estimated that in 2015, 410 million urban Asians will be at risk of coastal fl ...
... change and development patterns continue, by 2100, hundreds of millions of people, most of them in coastal areas of East, Southeast and South Asia, may be displaced unless adaptation measures are put in place. It has been estimated that in 2015, 410 million urban Asians will be at risk of coastal fl ...
John M. Pandolfi , 418 (2011); DOI: 10.1126/science.1204794
... under moderately elevated partial pres- lower) than those under which they grow naturally. Here, we set sure of CO2 ( pCO2) (46, 48, 53), as has (maximum Ωarag – 1) in each experimental and field study at also been observed for some coral- 100% and the calcification response is represented as percen ...
... under moderately elevated partial pres- lower) than those under which they grow naturally. Here, we set sure of CO2 ( pCO2) (46, 48, 53), as has (maximum Ωarag – 1) in each experimental and field study at also been observed for some coral- 100% and the calcification response is represented as percen ...
Supply-side climate policy: the road less taken
... (UNFCCC) and followed by all countries and most other jurisdictional entities, effectively places the onus on those who consume fossil fuels, and not on those who supply it. A nation that taxes coal exports but not domestic consumption, for example, might reduce coal consumption and emissions in oth ...
... (UNFCCC) and followed by all countries and most other jurisdictional entities, effectively places the onus on those who consume fossil fuels, and not on those who supply it. A nation that taxes coal exports but not domestic consumption, for example, might reduce coal consumption and emissions in oth ...
Kiribati
... generally within any heights from less than a meter to four meters above the mean sea level. Eleven of these atolls are uninhabitable because of their small size and lack of ground water lens. The atolls spread over a total Exclusive Economic Zone of 3.5 million sq. km. It became independent in 1979 ...
... generally within any heights from less than a meter to four meters above the mean sea level. Eleven of these atolls are uninhabitable because of their small size and lack of ground water lens. The atolls spread over a total Exclusive Economic Zone of 3.5 million sq. km. It became independent in 1979 ...
Outline for Inter-Mountain West Report - City of Flagstaff
... been found that one dollar of hazard mitigation today can prevent the expenditure of four dollars of post-disaster reconstruction in the future (GFDRR 2010). ...
... been found that one dollar of hazard mitigation today can prevent the expenditure of four dollars of post-disaster reconstruction in the future (GFDRR 2010). ...
10584_2011_45_MOESM1_ESM - Springer Static Content Server
... The title and / or abstract of the study explicitly indicates that previous or currently practiced adaptive strategies to climate change are reported / mentioned / assessed / discussed in the paper. The full text of the document includes substantive reporting or discussion of an adaptation activity. ...
... The title and / or abstract of the study explicitly indicates that previous or currently practiced adaptive strategies to climate change are reported / mentioned / assessed / discussed in the paper. The full text of the document includes substantive reporting or discussion of an adaptation activity. ...
Impacts of climate change on European marine ecosystems
... to be greater and springtime is occurring earlier (Solomon et al., 2007; IPCC, 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010). Many of these events are thought to be predominantly a consequence of climate change (IPCC, 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010). Although marine species and ecosystems have respond ...
... to be greater and springtime is occurring earlier (Solomon et al., 2007; IPCC, 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010). Many of these events are thought to be predominantly a consequence of climate change (IPCC, 2007; Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010). Although marine species and ecosystems have respond ...
Integrated Risk and Uncertainty Assessment of Climate Change
... key uncertainties. At the national level, uncertainties in market behaviour and future regulatory actions have been shown to impact the performance of policy instruments designed to influence investment patterns. Both modelling and empirical studies have shown that uncertainty as to future regula ...
... key uncertainties. At the national level, uncertainties in market behaviour and future regulatory actions have been shown to impact the performance of policy instruments designed to influence investment patterns. Both modelling and empirical studies have shown that uncertainty as to future regula ...
Auditing the Government Response to Climate Change: Guidance
... it is very likely that global warming is caused by human activity. Climate change is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet, and both mitigation and adaptation efforts will be necessary to tackle climate change. As all countr ...
... it is very likely that global warming is caused by human activity. Climate change is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet, and both mitigation and adaptation efforts will be necessary to tackle climate change. As all countr ...
CLIMATE CHANGE 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change
... Due to an increase of both, energy demand and the share of coal in the global fuel mix, GHG emissions grew more rapidly between 2001 and 2010 than in the previous decade. Contribution of energy sources to global and regional primary energy use increments. ...
... Due to an increase of both, energy demand and the share of coal in the global fuel mix, GHG emissions grew more rapidly between 2001 and 2010 than in the previous decade. Contribution of energy sources to global and regional primary energy use increments. ...
Impacts of future climate change on soil frost in the midwestern
... [2] At global and regional scales, long‐term changes in climate have been observed. In 2005, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a sharp increase in global average air temperatures, at a rate of 0.18°C per decade since 1976, with most of the warming attributed to the anthropogenic g ...
... [2] At global and regional scales, long‐term changes in climate have been observed. In 2005, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported a sharp increase in global average air temperatures, at a rate of 0.18°C per decade since 1976, with most of the warming attributed to the anthropogenic g ...
PDF
... to climate change. Because of the global and national delay in putting into practice any effective mitigation strategies, more effort will have to be put into adaptation measures to limit the societal consequences of the changes in climate which are already occurring. I believe this first report on ...
... to climate change. Because of the global and national delay in putting into practice any effective mitigation strategies, more effort will have to be put into adaptation measures to limit the societal consequences of the changes in climate which are already occurring. I believe this first report on ...
Climate change challenges Tuvalu
... 20th century. According to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, the sea level is projected to rise another 0.09 meters to 0.88 meters by the end of this century at the rate of 5 mm an average per year, which is two to four times higher than that of the past 100 years (IPCC 2001, pp. 3 and 847). ...
... 20th century. According to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, the sea level is projected to rise another 0.09 meters to 0.88 meters by the end of this century at the rate of 5 mm an average per year, which is two to four times higher than that of the past 100 years (IPCC 2001, pp. 3 and 847). ...