Climate change in size-structured ecosystems
... scenario used [1]. Predicted increases in global mean temperature conceal, of course, considerable regional and local variation. For example, land surfaces, mountain ranges and arctic regions are experiencing stronger increases in temperature than other areas [1]. A pressing issue is predicting the ...
... scenario used [1]. Predicted increases in global mean temperature conceal, of course, considerable regional and local variation. For example, land surfaces, mountain ranges and arctic regions are experiencing stronger increases in temperature than other areas [1]. A pressing issue is predicting the ...
Full Press Release
... event ever recorded, which killed coral on an unprecedented scale. In 2016, bleaching hit 90 per cent of coral on the Great Barrier Reef and killed more than 20 per cent of the reef’s coral. The new study shows that, on average, the world's reefs will start suffering annual bleaching in 2043. About ...
... event ever recorded, which killed coral on an unprecedented scale. In 2016, bleaching hit 90 per cent of coral on the Great Barrier Reef and killed more than 20 per cent of the reef’s coral. The new study shows that, on average, the world's reefs will start suffering annual bleaching in 2043. About ...
Policy Briefings SUMERNET Research Projects Phase 2 (2010–2013) Sustainable Mekong Research Network
... the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) mechanism. For instance, the Oddar Meanchey project was successfully completed using the REDD mechanism as part of the collaboration between the Forestry Administration and PACT, a nongovernmental group in Cambodia. This project ...
... the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) mechanism. For instance, the Oddar Meanchey project was successfully completed using the REDD mechanism as part of the collaboration between the Forestry Administration and PACT, a nongovernmental group in Cambodia. This project ...
Climatic Threat Spaces as a Tool to Assess Current and Future
... AIACC Working Papers, published on-line by Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), is a series of papers and paper abstracts written by researchers participating in the AIACC project. Papers published in AIACC Working Papers have been peer reviewed and accepted for publicat ...
... AIACC Working Papers, published on-line by Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), is a series of papers and paper abstracts written by researchers participating in the AIACC project. Papers published in AIACC Working Papers have been peer reviewed and accepted for publicat ...
Non-Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Tyranny of
... principle (Hicks, 1939, 1943; and Kaldor, 1939), which states that a project should be implemented if and only if it may lead to a Pareto-improvement: those who gain from the project should be able to compensate the losers and have some net gains left over. The Kaldor-Hicks compensation principle is ...
... principle (Hicks, 1939, 1943; and Kaldor, 1939), which states that a project should be implemented if and only if it may lead to a Pareto-improvement: those who gain from the project should be able to compensate the losers and have some net gains left over. The Kaldor-Hicks compensation principle is ...
impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle
... (2004) evaluated changes in orographic precipitation over the last 100 years. They indicated surface precipitation losses over topographical barriers by 15-25% downwind of major coastal urban areas in California and in Israel likely caused by aerosols. Contradictory results are found regarding the s ...
... (2004) evaluated changes in orographic precipitation over the last 100 years. They indicated surface precipitation losses over topographical barriers by 15-25% downwind of major coastal urban areas in California and in Israel likely caused by aerosols. Contradictory results are found regarding the s ...
Sustainability goals combining social and environmental aspects
... possible to approach. These goals could trigger the profound changes needed for a sustainable and just future while remaining acceptable for the involved stakeholders. Goals are however often elusive as to what is included or not, e.g. whether emissions from trade are inc ...
... possible to approach. These goals could trigger the profound changes needed for a sustainable and just future while remaining acceptable for the involved stakeholders. Goals are however often elusive as to what is included or not, e.g. whether emissions from trade are inc ...
Can actuaries really afford to ignore climate
... and further investigation is needed. Although the increase in mean claims costs is not significant, the increase to a local community can be, this is due to increasing risk rating by address level. We have predicted a wide variation in affordability, and in particular foresee significant afforda ...
... and further investigation is needed. Although the increase in mean claims costs is not significant, the increase to a local community can be, this is due to increasing risk rating by address level. We have predicted a wide variation in affordability, and in particular foresee significant afforda ...
The Effect of Climate Change on the Vegetation Cover of the Mujib
... University of Gothenburg) has also been used with some experts in the field of the nature reservesby displays the data statistically and read their behavior and try to find a relationship linking to other climatic data. The specialists have also been in cooperation with the Royal Society for the Pro ...
... University of Gothenburg) has also been used with some experts in the field of the nature reservesby displays the data statistically and read their behavior and try to find a relationship linking to other climatic data. The specialists have also been in cooperation with the Royal Society for the Pro ...
English - Global Environment Facility
... The recognition that the GEF has a role in financing adaptation to climate change goes back to the early guidance to the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. According to the GEF Operational Strategy, approved by the Council in 1995, “the strategic thrust of GEFfinanced climate change activities is to ...
... The recognition that the GEF has a role in financing adaptation to climate change goes back to the early guidance to the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. According to the GEF Operational Strategy, approved by the Council in 1995, “the strategic thrust of GEFfinanced climate change activities is to ...
Effects of Global Warming on Trout and Salmon in U.S. Streams
... additional, potentially severe threat to their survival. The earth has warmed significantly during the last 50 years, and most of the observed warming is believed to have been caused by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other heat-trapping gases. This warming is expected to accele ...
... additional, potentially severe threat to their survival. The earth has warmed significantly during the last 50 years, and most of the observed warming is believed to have been caused by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other heat-trapping gases. This warming is expected to accele ...
Assessing pricing assumptions for weather index insurance in a changing climate
... Keywords: Climate modeling Uncertainty Bayesian Networks Adaptation India ...
... Keywords: Climate modeling Uncertainty Bayesian Networks Adaptation India ...
Forests, Oceans, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
... services for our orchards and vegetable crops. Valuations of these services, from greenhouse gas regulation by forests to markets for wild-caught fish, range in the billions, sometimes trillions of dollars annually for individual services. Biodiversity, ecosystem services, and our basic livelihood a ...
... services for our orchards and vegetable crops. Valuations of these services, from greenhouse gas regulation by forests to markets for wild-caught fish, range in the billions, sometimes trillions of dollars annually for individual services. Biodiversity, ecosystem services, and our basic livelihood a ...
weather and climate: engaging youth
... Adaptation: Adaptation strategies need to be developed as the world is already committed to a substantial amount of additional warming, acidification and deoxygenation, even if atmospheric CO2 could be stabilized at the current level. A key strategy is to ensure maximum potential for resilience in t ...
... Adaptation: Adaptation strategies need to be developed as the world is already committed to a substantial amount of additional warming, acidification and deoxygenation, even if atmospheric CO2 could be stabilized at the current level. A key strategy is to ensure maximum potential for resilience in t ...
Framing Strategies to Minimize Impacts on Pennsylvania
... the information-gathering phase. Most were not ready to begin implementing on-theground strategies to help species and ecosystems adapt, although many intended to or already had integrated climate change into their planning efforts. ...
... the information-gathering phase. Most were not ready to begin implementing on-theground strategies to help species and ecosystems adapt, although many intended to or already had integrated climate change into their planning efforts. ...
Cost Benefit Analysis Tool and Guidance
... Located in the north-western part of Viti Levu, Ba is the second largest province in Fiji by area and the largest by population, with 231,762 residents. Sugar production, timber harvesting, and fishing are important commercial activities, although the population is largely rural and generally poor ( ...
... Located in the north-western part of Viti Levu, Ba is the second largest province in Fiji by area and the largest by population, with 231,762 residents. Sugar production, timber harvesting, and fishing are important commercial activities, although the population is largely rural and generally poor ( ...
Climate Change: Costs and Benefits of S. 2191
... Fifth, the Low Carbon Fuel Standard could significantly raise fuel prices and limit supply. The effects will depend on what fuels are included, the emissions reductions achieved by alternatives, and the ability to produce those alternatives. Finally, S. 2191’s climate-related benefit is best conside ...
... Fifth, the Low Carbon Fuel Standard could significantly raise fuel prices and limit supply. The effects will depend on what fuels are included, the emissions reductions achieved by alternatives, and the ability to produce those alternatives. Finally, S. 2191’s climate-related benefit is best conside ...
"Evolving Comparative Advantage and the Impact of Climate Change in Agricultural Markets: Evidence from a 9 Million-Field Partition of the Earth"
... Since the value of output in our 10 crops is equal to 1.8% of world GDP, this corresponds to about one sixth of total crop value. As mentioned above, a potential source of adjustment to climate change is the ability of farmers to produce different crops. To shed light on this mechanism, we consider ...
... Since the value of output in our 10 crops is equal to 1.8% of world GDP, this corresponds to about one sixth of total crop value. As mentioned above, a potential source of adjustment to climate change is the ability of farmers to produce different crops. To shed light on this mechanism, we consider ...
Climate Change and Animals - Chicago Unbound
... Contingent valuation studies consistently show high willingness-to-pay for the protection of animals. Other recent studies have suggested highly significant instrumental value for biodiversity in areas such as agriculture and medical research. Second, the scientific uncertainty over the impact of cl ...
... Contingent valuation studies consistently show high willingness-to-pay for the protection of animals. Other recent studies have suggested highly significant instrumental value for biodiversity in areas such as agriculture and medical research. Second, the scientific uncertainty over the impact of cl ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts
... Understanding the potential impacts of climate change is essential for informing both adaptation strategies and actions to avoid dangerous levels of climate change. A range of valuable national studies have been carried out and published, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has ...
... Understanding the potential impacts of climate change is essential for informing both adaptation strategies and actions to avoid dangerous levels of climate change. A range of valuable national studies have been carried out and published, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has ...
Extreme Events
... By the end of the 21st century, the increase in the number of very wet days is greater in the south‑west and north‑east, with up to 7 days more per year on average. The increases in wet days are driven predominantly by the number of winter rainfall events, with smaller increases in autumn and spring ...
... By the end of the 21st century, the increase in the number of very wet days is greater in the south‑west and north‑east, with up to 7 days more per year on average. The increases in wet days are driven predominantly by the number of winter rainfall events, with smaller increases in autumn and spring ...
FACT SHEET PACKET (Executive Summary - FACT SHEET #6)
... resulted in a cost-competitive drainage system. ...
... resulted in a cost-competitive drainage system. ...
Land Ecosystems and Hydrology
... While much progress has been made toward realistic and accurate formulation of LSMs, there is plenty of room for improvement. A recent LSM intercomparison study showed large discrepancies between the predictions made by the various models (Pitman et al. 1993), and it is not clear which formulations ...
... While much progress has been made toward realistic and accurate formulation of LSMs, there is plenty of room for improvement. A recent LSM intercomparison study showed large discrepancies between the predictions made by the various models (Pitman et al. 1993), and it is not clear which formulations ...
Predicting population consequences of ocean climate
... drive the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water into the euphotic zone and stimulate phytoplankton production (Huyer, 1983). Decreases in upwelling-favorable winds and the influx of warm surface water, which occur during El Niño events, and delays in the onset of upwelling can have dramatic ecosys ...
... drive the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water into the euphotic zone and stimulate phytoplankton production (Huyer, 1983). Decreases in upwelling-favorable winds and the influx of warm surface water, which occur during El Niño events, and delays in the onset of upwelling can have dramatic ecosys ...
Politics of global warming
The politics of global warming are complex due to numerous factors that arise from the global economy's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming - making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge:Implications to all aspects of a nation-state's economy - The vast majority of the world economy relies on energy sources or manufacturing techniques that release greenhouse gases at almost every stage of production, transportation, storage, delivery & disposal while a consensus of the world's scientists attribute global warming to the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This intimate linkage between global warming and economic vitality implicates almost every aspect of a nation-state's economy; Perceived lack of adequate advanced energy technologies - Fossil fuel abundance and low prices continue to put pressure on the development of adequate advanced energy technologies that can realistically replace the role of fossil fuels - as of 2010, over 91% of the worlds energy is derived from fossil fuels and non carbon-neutral technologies. Developing countries do not have cost effective access to the advanced energy technologies that they need for development (most advanced technologies has been developed by and exist in the developed world). Without adequate and cost effective post-hydrocarbon energy sources, it is unlikely the countries of the developed or developing world would accept policies that would materially affect their economic vitality or economic development prospects;Industrialization of the developing world - As developing nations industrialize their energy needs increase and since conventional energy sources produce carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide emissions of developing countries are beginning to rise at a time when the scientific community, global governance institutions and advocacy groups are telling the world that carbon dioxide emissions should be decreasing. Without access to cost effective and abundant energy sources many developing countries see climate change as a hindrance to their unfettered economic development;Metric selection (transparency) and perceived responsibility / ability to respond - Among the countries of the world, disagreements exist over which greenhouse gas emission metrics should be used like total emissions per year, per capita emissions per year, CO2 emissions only, deforestation emissions, livestock emissions or even total historical emissions. Historically, the release of carbon dioxide has not been historically even among all nation-states and nation-states have challenges with determining who should restrict emissions and at what point of their industrial development they should be subject to such commitments;Vulnerable developing countries and developed country legacy emissions - Some developing nations blame the developed world for having created the global warming crisis because it was the developed countries that emitted most of the carbon dioxide over the twentieth century and vulnerable countries perceive that it should be the developed countries that should pay to address the challenge;Consensus-driven global governance models - The global governance institutions that evolved during the 20th century are all consensus driven deliberative forums where agreement is difficult to achieve and even when agreement is achieved it is almost impossible to enforce;Well organized and funded special-interest lobbying bodies - Special interest lobbying by well organized groups distort and amplify aspects of the challenge (environmental lobbying, energy industry lobbying, other special interest lobbying);Politicization of climate science - Although there is a consensus on the science of global warming and its likely effects - some special interests groups work to suppress the consensus while others work to amplify the alarm of global warming. All parties that engage in such acts add to the politicization of the science of global warming. The result is a clouding of the reality of the global warming problem.The focus areas for global warming politics are Adaptation, Mitigation, Finance, Technology and Losses which are well quantified and studied but the urgency of the global warming challenge combined with the implication to almost every facet of a nation-state's economic interests places significant burdens on the established largely-voluntary global institutions that have developed over the last century; institutions that have been unable to effectively reshape themselves and move fast enough to deal with this unique challenge. Rapidly developing countries who see traditional energy sources as a means to fuel their development, well funded aggressive environmental lobbying groups and an established fossil fuel energy paradigm boasting a mature and sophisticated political lobbying infrastructure all combine to make global warming politics extremely polarized. Distrust between developed and developing countries at most international conferences that seek to address the topic add to the challenges. Further adding to the complexity is the advent of the Internet and the development of media technologies like blogs and other mechanisms for disseminating information that enable the exponential growth in production and dissemination of competing points of view which make it nearly impossible for the development and dissemination of an objective view into the enormity of the subject matter and its politics.