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N - University of Alberta
N - University of Alberta

An Introductory Course in Elementary Number Theory
An Introductory Course in Elementary Number Theory

Given the following information, determine which lines, if any, are
Given the following information, determine which lines, if any, are

Revision v2.0, Chapter I Foundations of Geometry in the Plane
Revision v2.0, Chapter I Foundations of Geometry in the Plane

Foundations of Geometry
Foundations of Geometry

12 Congruent Triangles
12 Congruent Triangles

12 Congruent Triangles
12 Congruent Triangles

The Circle Method
The Circle Method

... there are not enough perfect squares to write any (large) number as the sum of two squares. Use this method to determine a lower bound for how many perfect k th powers are needed for each k. Let us concentrate on g(2) = 4. As we now know that infinitely many numbers cannot be the sum of three square ...
Lectures on Sieve Methods - School of Mathematics, TIFR
Lectures on Sieve Methods - School of Mathematics, TIFR

Answer
Answer

Project Gutenberg`s The Foundations of Geometry, by David Hilbert
Project Gutenberg`s The Foundations of Geometry, by David Hilbert

Point - WordPress.com
Point - WordPress.com

Geometry 1 Unit 6
Geometry 1 Unit 6

2 Reasoning and Proofs
2 Reasoning and Proofs

Arrangements and duality
Arrangements and duality

Lesson 5.1 - Mona Shores Blogs
Lesson 5.1 - Mona Shores Blogs

- ScholarWorks@GVSU
- ScholarWorks@GVSU

... The backward question we ask is, “How can we prove that a divides c?” One answer is to use the definition and show that there exists an integer q such that c D a  q. This could be step Q1 in the know-show table. We now have to prove that a certain integer q exists, so we ask the question, “How do w ...
Since P is the centroid of the triangle ACE
Since P is the centroid of the triangle ACE

- ScholarWorks@GVSU
- ScholarWorks@GVSU

Proving Triangles and Quadrilaterals are Special
Proving Triangles and Quadrilaterals are Special

Spring 2007 Math 330A Notes Version 9.0
Spring 2007 Math 330A Notes Version 9.0

Lesson 5.1 - Mona Shores Blogs
Lesson 5.1 - Mona Shores Blogs

... If the hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a second right triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ...
p-ADIC QUOTIENT SETS
p-ADIC QUOTIENT SETS

4-1 companion notes
4-1 companion notes

Theorems and Postulates for Using in Proofs
Theorems and Postulates for Using in Proofs

< 1 ... 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ... 153 >

Four color theorem



In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that, given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, producing a figure called a map, no more than four colors are required to color the regions of the map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Two regions are called adjacent if they share a common boundary that is not a corner, where corners are the points shared by three or more regions. For example, in the map of the United States of America, Utah and Arizona are adjacent, but Utah and New Mexico, which only share a point that also belongs to Arizona and Colorado, are not.Despite the motivation from coloring political maps of countries, the theorem is not of particular interest to mapmakers. According to an article by the math historian Kenneth May (Wilson 2014, 2), “Maps utilizing only four colors are rare, and those that do usually require only three. Books on cartography and the history of mapmaking do not mention the four-color property.”Three colors are adequate for simpler maps, but an additional fourth color is required for some maps, such as a map in which one region is surrounded by an odd number of other regions that touch each other in a cycle. The five color theorem, which has a short elementary proof, states that five colors suffice to color a map and was proven in the late 19th century (Heawood 1890); however, proving that four colors suffice turned out to be significantly harder. A number of false proofs and false counterexamples have appeared since the first statement of the four color theorem in 1852.The four color theorem was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken. It was the first major theorem to be proved using a computer. Appel and Haken's approach started by showing that there is a particular set of 1,936 maps, each of which cannot be part of a smallest-sized counterexample to the four color theorem. (If they did appear, you could make a smaller counter-example.) Appel and Haken used a special-purpose computer program to confirm that each of these maps had this property. Additionally, any map that could potentially be a counterexample must have a portion that looks like one of these 1,936 maps. Showing this required hundreds of pages of hand analysis. Appel and Haken concluded that no smallest counterexamples exist because any must contain, yet do not contain, one of these 1,936 maps. This contradiction means there are no counterexamples at all and that the theorem is therefore true. Initially, their proof was not accepted by all mathematicians because the computer-assisted proof was infeasible for a human to check by hand (Swart 1980). Since then the proof has gained wider acceptance, although doubts remain (Wilson 2014, 216–222).To dispel remaining doubt about the Appel–Haken proof, a simpler proof using the same ideas and still relying on computers was published in 1997 by Robertson, Sanders, Seymour, and Thomas. Additionally in 2005, the theorem was proven by Georges Gonthier with general purpose theorem proving software.
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