Mitigating climate change through reductions in greenhouse gas
... 2020, reductions will have to be much more rapid up to 2050 and beyond to have a 50 per cent chance of avoiding warming of more than 2°C. A more ambitious path in the short term would reduce the economic costs of action. We conclude from the evidence that there are strong advantages in taking early ...
... 2020, reductions will have to be much more rapid up to 2050 and beyond to have a 50 per cent chance of avoiding warming of more than 2°C. A more ambitious path in the short term would reduce the economic costs of action. We conclude from the evidence that there are strong advantages in taking early ...
Green Allies: Speculative Realism, Evangelical Christianity, and
... have ever known. The political challenge, in turn, is creating the political will to change, for instance, human reliance on coal, gas, and oil. For years, environmentalists have tried to convince politicians and CEOs that humans are destroying the planet, but moral cajoling alone has not worked. ‘‘ ...
... have ever known. The political challenge, in turn, is creating the political will to change, for instance, human reliance on coal, gas, and oil. For years, environmentalists have tried to convince politicians and CEOs that humans are destroying the planet, but moral cajoling alone has not worked. ‘‘ ...
The psychology of climate change communication - UvA-DARE
... of new climate change information to succeed, communicators should first do their best to discover what climate change misconceptions the audience may have in its mental models. Communicators can then disconnect the erroneous climate change information from other parts of the model and replace it wi ...
... of new climate change information to succeed, communicators should first do their best to discover what climate change misconceptions the audience may have in its mental models. Communicators can then disconnect the erroneous climate change information from other parts of the model and replace it wi ...
Climate Models and Their Evaluation
... evolution has been enhanced via a range of advances since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR). Climate models are based on well-established physical principles and have been demonstrated to reproduce observed features of recent climate (see Chapters 8 and 9) and past climate changes (see Chapter ...
... evolution has been enhanced via a range of advances since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR). Climate models are based on well-established physical principles and have been demonstrated to reproduce observed features of recent climate (see Chapters 8 and 9) and past climate changes (see Chapter ...
Air Quality and Climate Connections - Lamont
... dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight ...
... dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight ...
Turn Down the Heat - Open Knowledge Repository
... 6.4 The percentage of impacts under a 4 to 5.6°C warming avoided by limiting warming to just over 2°C by 2100 for population exposed to increased water stress (water availability below 1000 m³ per capita) 6.5 Fraction of land surface at risk of severe ecosystem change as a function of global mea ...
... 6.4 The percentage of impacts under a 4 to 5.6°C warming avoided by limiting warming to just over 2°C by 2100 for population exposed to increased water stress (water availability below 1000 m³ per capita) 6.5 Fraction of land surface at risk of severe ecosystem change as a function of global mea ...
Hosted by: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Program
... moved from sewage sludge to the transport of N from septic effluent into coastal waters for my post-doc. I then later spent nearly 20 years examining nitrogen cycling in sediments as part of the Boston sewage outfall relocation project. In spite of spending much of my career "going down the toilet" ...
... moved from sewage sludge to the transport of N from septic effluent into coastal waters for my post-doc. I then later spent nearly 20 years examining nitrogen cycling in sediments as part of the Boston sewage outfall relocation project. In spite of spending much of my career "going down the toilet" ...
Loss and Damage: The Role of Ecosystem Services
... Summary Loss and damage refers to the adverse effects of climate-related stressors on natural and human systems that cannot be, or have not been, avoided through mitigation or managed through adaptation efforts. Climate change is increasing the risk of loss and damage from extreme weather and slow o ...
... Summary Loss and damage refers to the adverse effects of climate-related stressors on natural and human systems that cannot be, or have not been, avoided through mitigation or managed through adaptation efforts. Climate change is increasing the risk of loss and damage from extreme weather and slow o ...
Trends in Economic and Insured Losses from Weather-Related Events: a new analysis
... of confidence in the detection and attribution of trends. Globallyconsistent satellite observations have only been available since the 1980s, and 30 years is a short time period over which to detect trends in extreme weather events at a local level because, by definition, these are rare events. Glob ...
... of confidence in the detection and attribution of trends. Globallyconsistent satellite observations have only been available since the 1980s, and 30 years is a short time period over which to detect trends in extreme weather events at a local level because, by definition, these are rare events. Glob ...
Survival and population size of a resident bird species are declining
... 2. Our results indicate that the South Hills crossbill has declined by over 60% between 2003 and 2008, and that decreasing adult survival drives this population decline. 3. We evaluated the relative support for multiple hypotheses linking crossbill survival to climate, an ectoparasitic mite (scaly-l ...
... 2. Our results indicate that the South Hills crossbill has declined by over 60% between 2003 and 2008, and that decreasing adult survival drives this population decline. 3. We evaluated the relative support for multiple hypotheses linking crossbill survival to climate, an ectoparasitic mite (scaly-l ...
Food Security and Climate Change Assessment: Sudan
... south of the country experince quite different climates, and as a result the livelihood activities are different. For example pastoralism occurs in the dry northern areas where rainfall is limited and the year-to-year variability means that the amount and timings of the rains are unreliable. Agricul ...
... south of the country experince quite different climates, and as a result the livelihood activities are different. For example pastoralism occurs in the dry northern areas where rainfall is limited and the year-to-year variability means that the amount and timings of the rains are unreliable. Agricul ...
Impacts of changes in climate, land use and land cover on
... emissions are specified from the GEIA (Global Emission Inventories Activity) 2005 inventory (Pacyna et al., 2010) as implemented by Corbitt et al. (2011) and Streets et al. (2009). Anthropogenic emissions over the United States and Canada are replaced by regional inventories prepared by Zhang et al. ...
... emissions are specified from the GEIA (Global Emission Inventories Activity) 2005 inventory (Pacyna et al., 2010) as implemented by Corbitt et al. (2011) and Streets et al. (2009). Anthropogenic emissions over the United States and Canada are replaced by regional inventories prepared by Zhang et al. ...
University of Nevada, Reno THE ROLE OF URBAN CLIMATE AND
... States where canopy cover is replaced by impervious surfaces. However, cities in arid regions, like Phoenix, may actually be cooler than surrounding natural areas from increased irrigation and canopy cover. The patchy mosaic of fine-scale heterogeneity in land cover types may be more important in de ...
... States where canopy cover is replaced by impervious surfaces. However, cities in arid regions, like Phoenix, may actually be cooler than surrounding natural areas from increased irrigation and canopy cover. The patchy mosaic of fine-scale heterogeneity in land cover types may be more important in de ...
Australia and New Zealand
... The scientific literature published since 2001 supports the TAR findings. Key differences from the TAR include (i) more extensive documentation of observed changes in natural systems consistent with global warming, (ii) significant advances in understanding potential future impacts on water, natural ...
... The scientific literature published since 2001 supports the TAR findings. Key differences from the TAR include (i) more extensive documentation of observed changes in natural systems consistent with global warming, (ii) significant advances in understanding potential future impacts on water, natural ...
PDF (Author`s version)
... et al. 2011), and geothermal (Friberg et al. 2009) gradients have generally shown faster litter decomposition under higher temperatures. However, it is usually difficult in these studies to disentangle the effects of temperature from those associated with water chemistry and biogeography. Also, the ...
... et al. 2011), and geothermal (Friberg et al. 2009) gradients have generally shown faster litter decomposition under higher temperatures. However, it is usually difficult in these studies to disentangle the effects of temperature from those associated with water chemistry and biogeography. Also, the ...
International trends in public perceptions of climate change over the
... all of which may compel or constrain political responses to climate change,7 public opinion has compounded the widespread political reluctance in many countries to enact legislation that could be received unfavorably by electorates and by the powerful economic interests that both support and depend ...
... all of which may compel or constrain political responses to climate change,7 public opinion has compounded the widespread political reluctance in many countries to enact legislation that could be received unfavorably by electorates and by the powerful economic interests that both support and depend ...
Combating Climate Change - The German Adaptation Strategy
... no substitute for climate protection. If temperatures in the global greenhouse increase, the cost of adaptation measures will also increase. Conversely, it is also true that keeping down the amount of harmful greenhouse gases that escape into the atmosphere helps to keep down the cost of adaptation. ...
... no substitute for climate protection. If temperatures in the global greenhouse increase, the cost of adaptation measures will also increase. Conversely, it is also true that keeping down the amount of harmful greenhouse gases that escape into the atmosphere helps to keep down the cost of adaptation. ...
Key Adaptation Concepts and Terms
... conditions ( website of the UNFCCC Secretariat)3 Adaptation - Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipator ...
... conditions ( website of the UNFCCC Secretariat)3 Adaptation - Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, including anticipator ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.