• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
SIGMUND FREUD 1856
SIGMUND FREUD 1856

... Freud's story, like most people's stories, begins with others. In his case those others were his mentor and friend, Dr. Joseph Breuer, and Breuer's patient, called Anna O. Anna O. was Joseph Breuer's patient from 1880 through 1882. Twenty one years old, Anna spent most of her time nursing her ailing ...
Attitudes, Attributions and Social Cognition
Attitudes, Attributions and Social Cognition

... example, a person who likes music might listen to it all the time, buy countless CDs, attend numerous music concerts, and buy several magazines about music. How does a researcher go from information about such a variety of behaviours to an estimate of the person’s fundamental attitude towards music? ...
Nonverbal skills and abilities (Chapter5).
Nonverbal skills and abilities (Chapter5).

... inferred states to the study of process. A clear example of this last shift is illustrated by research on expectancy effects (Harris & Rosenthal, 2005; Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968) that prompted scholars to try to understand the “process” of how positive (and negative) expectations are conveyed. The ...
Fundamental Processes Leading to Attitude Change
Fundamental Processes Leading to Attitude Change

... people are to think about a message, the more their attitudes are determined by their issue-relevant thoughts in response to the message (Petty, Ostrom, & Brock, 1981). In a persuasion context, issue-relevant elaboration typically involves accessing relevant information from both external and intern ...
The TARES Test: Five Principles for Ethical Persuasion
The TARES Test: Five Principles for Ethical Persuasion

... justification for public relations when he asserted that “the social justification for public relations is to ethically and effectively plead the cause of a client or organization in the free wheeling forum of public debate” (p. xii). He maintained that in a democratic society the practitioner serve ...
Interpersonal Communication, Second edition
Interpersonal Communication, Second edition

... going to do next? What has this conversation done to your family relationships? Do you feel that you have done everything you can sensibly do as a parent? Or do you feel that you have failed as a parent in that encounter and go away feeling depressed that you have not got to the root of the problem? ...
Virtual Proxemics 1 Running head: VIRTUAL PROXEMICS
Virtual Proxemics 1 Running head: VIRTUAL PROXEMICS

... of the counterparts to adjust his or her proximity in order to avoid discomfort, may in turn create an uncomfortable situation for the other counterpart, who then tries to readjust the distance, and so forth. Beaulieu (2004, p. 797) speculated that “this mutual adaptation process could raise signifi ...
Mechanisms of Identity Conflict - 2.rotman.utoronto.ca
Mechanisms of Identity Conflict - 2.rotman.utoronto.ca

... in anxiety, depression, and a variety of other negative outcomes (O’Neil, 2008). Sexual identity conflicts can emerge when a person’s sexual desires are incompatible with another valued social identity. This phenomenon has been studied most often among homosexuals, who must reconcile their sexual pr ...
Feelings and Phenomenal Experiences
Feelings and Phenomenal Experiences

... interpreters (e.g., Forgas, 1995a) suggested (for a discussion, see Schwarz, 2001). People usually consider their experiences, ranging from their feelings to the thoughts that come to mind, to be “about” whatever is in the focus of their attention. This observation has been termed the aboutness (Hig ...
Knowledge Check Answers
Knowledge Check Answers

... Stanley Milgram recruited 40 male participants through newspaper ads. The ad said he was looking for participants for a memory study. Participants were aged between 20 and 50 years and were given $4.50 for just turning up. A confederate (‘Mr Wallace’) was always the ‘learner’ while the true partic ...
Deviance PowerPoint Presentation
Deviance PowerPoint Presentation

... behaviors, whereas they were not before. In the meantime, the norms they learned at home are no longer acceptable within the gang environment, and they must reject those norms and values to accept the new ones. Current gang members also teach new members how to commit specific deviant acts, such as ...
Some effects of everyday moods and possible individual differences
Some effects of everyday moods and possible individual differences

... retrieval probably occurs, but that we have yet to do an adequate job of specifying exactly when it is likely and when it is not. Mood-Cueing General Response Styles Since moods have been consistently found to influence judgements and behaviour, yet the effects on retirval of individual pieces of ma ...
DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder
DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder

... rejection of others, passivity, or inappropriate approaches that seem aggressive or disruptive. These difficulties are particularly evident in young children, in whom there is often a lack of shared social play and imagination (e.g., age-appropriate flexible pretend play) and, later, insistence on p ...
Management Skills -MGMT622 VU © Copyright Virtual University of
Management Skills -MGMT622 VU © Copyright Virtual University of

... Making Formal Oral and Written Presentations........................................................................................................ 13 Lesson 8 ........................................................................................................................................... ...
Exploring the relational side of authentic leadership. Dr Christopher
Exploring the relational side of authentic leadership. Dr Christopher

... Now the view in organisations is that, while individuals are the source of most ideas, it is the “teams of people working together which is the organisation’s best means for turning ideas into marketable products and services.” (Harvard Business Essentials, 2007, p.94) To this end, the literature ad ...
TARGET ARTICLE The Law of Cognitive Structure Activation
TARGET ARTICLE The Law of Cognitive Structure Activation

... is the most highly active in memory and the most semantically similar to the stimulus. We suggest that this robust phenomenon be labeled the law of cognitive structure activation. In the first part of the article, parameters of the law are discussed. In the second part, possible applications of the ...
Social Beings and Social Actions:
Social Beings and Social Actions:

... As human beings we are fundamentally members of society (Francis & Hester 2004, 2), which means that our ways of living are deeply defined by the social world we recognize. The world we recognize and maintain is inherently a part of how we function as a species, but also a part of who we are as pers ...
Respect as a positive self-conscious emotion in
Respect as a positive self-conscious emotion in

... Frijda and Mesquita (1995) further suggest three aspects of emotion that are particularly subject to cultural influence: (1) social consequences of emotions that regulate expression and suppression of emotions, (2) importance of norms for expressing different emotions, and (3) social-cohesive funct ...
Constructivism in Psychology
Constructivism in Psychology

... fictions useful for understanding the world. In this regard, epistemological constructivism sees knowledge schemes as being classifiable as more or less viable rather than more or less accurate. People cannot know for certain if their constructions correspond to an independent reality, but they can ...
Reasoning and Natural Selection - Center for Evolutionary Psychology
Reasoning and Natural Selection - Center for Evolutionary Psychology

... there because they functioned to produce valid knowledge in nearly any context a person was likely to encounter. They reasoned that if the function of the human mind is to discover truth, then the reasoning procedures of the human mind should reflect the methods by which truth can be discovered. Bec ...
A theory is - San Diego State University
A theory is - San Diego State University

... that it serve as an ongoing resource to you in this course and beyond. The assignments and readings in it evolve over time, and there are occasional oversights or mistakes. It is therefore important that you: (a) print it out, (b) bring it to each class, (c) read through it at the beginning of the c ...
Reflected Knowledge and Trust in Global Collaboration
Reflected Knowledge and Trust in Global Collaboration

... dynamics of distant collaborators (e.g., people, relationships, and norms) is difficult to discern and is susceptible to relational impediments. For example, people who lack social information about their distant co-workers are more likely to interpret the actions of those co-workers as reflecting ...
Social Cognition - Harvard FAS
Social Cognition - Harvard FAS

... roles in a hierarchy. In Social Dominance Theory, human social hierarchies are configured in a Nietzcheian manner with “good” groups at the top and “evil” reference groups at the bottom— each of which needs the other to exist. More powerful social roles are increasingly likely to be occupied by a “g ...
Para 1 - Cengage Learning
Para 1 - Cengage Learning

... Below are all of the key terms that appear in boldface in Chapter 1. To help you better understand these concepts, rather than just memorize them, write a definition for each term in your own words. After doing so, look at the next section where you’ll find a list of definitions from the textbook fo ...
Dissonance and self-perception: An integrative view of each theory`s
Dissonance and self-perception: An integrative view of each theory`s

... the position advocated. Subjects committed themselves to argue against air pollution (a behavior generally consistent with their attitudes) to passers-by in the street. In addition, some of the subjects were led to believe that the performance of this behavior had implications for belief, while othe ...
< 1 ... 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ... 65 >

James M. Honeycutt

James M. Honeycutt is a Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies at Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, internationally known for his work in relationship scripts and daydreaming, particularly imagined interaction conflict-linkage theory which explains why it is hard to forget old arguments and relational scripts for the development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Instead, conflict may fester within the human mind as people imagine retribution that may or may not occur. One of the common attributes of imagined interactions is ""discrepancy"" where conversations that are imagined in the mind may be quite different from what actually happens in verbal discourse. For example, there is high discrepancy if you imagine that your boss will chastise you for being late in meeting a deadline; but then he/she tells you that they understand the delay because of other pending matters. Research has shown that discrepancy is associated with chronic loneliness and lack of satisfaction in interpersonal relationships.DisabilityOn September 10, 1972; Honeycutt was diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes at age 15. He initially diagnosed his own case reading a Family Medical Guide in the home library. In August, he passed a medical exam in order to play junior-varsity football that included a urinalysis which was negative. Yet, at the beginning of September, he was dehydrated, had blurred vision, and thirst due to polyuria. His initial blood sugar was 385. For over 35 years he used daily insulin injections. Elizabeth, his inspirational wife, assisted him in transferring to insulin pump and continuous blood glucose monitoring where he consistently maintained glycated hemoglobin between 6 and 7. Before this technology, long-term side effects were occasional hypoglycemia and fluctuating blood sugar levels. Occasionally, he encouraged others in his classes on motivation by discussing how disabilities for some people could instill psychological resilience and be a lifelong impetus and energizer. For example, he also presented a conference paper at the National Communication Association in 1985 on the subject of daily management of diabetes in terms of communicating about the chronic disability and psychological variables including introversion and self-efficacy.EducationHoneycutt received a Ph.D. in Communication with a complementary emphasis in social and cognitive psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1987. He has been the recipient of numerous research awards including the Distinguished Book of the Year in 2006 by the social cognition division of the National Communication Association for his initial book on imagined interactions. He was the recipient of 2011 LSU Rainmakers Senior Scholar Award in the humanities, social, and behavioral sciences for sustained research productivity over a 25-year period as well as being designated the Outstanding Scholar in Communication Theory by the Southern States Communication Association in 2013. He was the recipient of the 2012 LSU Distinguished Faculty Award for scholarship, teaching, and service in the humanities and social sciences which recognizes a sustained record of excellence in research, teaching, and/or service. He received his M.S. from Purdue University in 1981 with a supplemental emphasis in social psychology and graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with honors in 1979 with a B.S. degree. He is the author of several books on the subjects of relationships and imagined interactions. Honeycutt created the Matchbox Interaction Lab (the name was coined by students because some conflict discussions are measured) at LSU in 2007 where individuals, couples, and groups discuss a variety of topics, have their heart rates measured, and receive communication tips to enhance communication competence. Research reveals increased heart-rate variability among some people when imagining discussing sensitive issues with a relational partner. http://www.lsureveille.com/lab-conducts-studies-in-communication/article_341f303a-cf3a-5437-a0eb-8c08924f95be.htmlHoneycutt teaches classes at LSU focusing on emotion and communication, interpersonal conflict, relationships, evolutionary communication, family dynamics, intercultural communication, emotions, physiology, and imagined interactions. He is a member of a number of social science journal editorial boards. Honeycutt has lectured throughout the United States and Thailand to academic and business groups.He is known for imagined interaction (II) conflict-linkage theory which consists of three axioms and 9 theorems. The theory explains why it is hard to forget old arguments, let alone forgive those whom the arguments were with. Individuals can become caught in an absorbing state of resentment in these cases. It is based on the assumption that individuals ruminate about conflicts as they are exposed to daily reminders (e.g., songs, media messages, other people that remind us of the source of the conflict) of pent-up grievances. There a number of methods that help manage daily conflict including compensation as individuals may not be in a position to enact revenge or retribution. Hence, they may feel catharsis by imagining discrepant scenarios that relieve tension or anxiety.Beginning with Volume 29 in the fall of 2009, Honeycutt is co-editor of the interdisciplinary journal Imagination, Cognition and Personality with Robert G. Kunzendorf of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell that is produced by Sage Publications.This pioneering journal explores uncharted scientific territory and creative research-based clinical interventions. Articles examine the stream of consciousness and the flow of human experience in relationship to human development and behavior, imagery and creativity, fantasy and imagination, brain structure and function, aesthetics and the humanities, and social and cultural influences. A variety of authorities examine the uses of imagery, fantasy and other resources of consciousness in psychotherapy, communication, relationships, behavior modification, hypnosis, medicine, education, and other applied fields.He has authored or co-authored seven books dealing with relationships, family communication and psychology, physiology and imagined interactions.Major Research Programs1. Relational Scripts (Individuals have expectations and cognitive scripts for different types of relationships including online relationships including facebook, blogging, intimate offline or face-to-face relationships, work, family, etcetera. He endorses the classical work of Wish, Duetsch, & Kaplan (1976) in which there are four universal, bipolar dimensions that all relationships are based on: 1) cooperative/friendly vs competitive/hostile, 2) vs unequal, 3) intense vs superficial and 4) socioemotional/informal vs task-oriented/formal.2. The theory of imagined interaction is designed to explain the attributes and functions of intrapersonal communication. Imagined interactions are a type of social cognition and mental imagery theoretically grounded in symbolic interactionism and cognitive script theory, in which individuals imagine conversations with significant others for a variety of purposes (Honeycutt, 2003; 2010). Honeycutt and Bryan (2011) have discussed how cognitive scripts are a type of automatic pilot providing guidelines for how to act when encountering new situations. Scripts are activated mindlessly and created through imagined interactions, as people envision contingency plans for actions. In contrast to mindless processing, engaging in imagined interaction requires conscious cognitive processing. Imagined interactions are a type of daydreaming that have definitive attributes and serve a number of functions including rehearsal, self-understanding, relational maintenance, managing conflict, catharsis, and compensation. Retroactive imagined interactions often occur in television shows in terms of “flashbacks” as characters relive prior conversations in their mind.3. A secondary theory imagined interaction conflict-linkage theory explains the motivation for revenge, not being to forget old arguments, and why time-out does not work (Honeycutt, 2004; 2010). The table of applied findings below shows rules for constructive arguing in terms of signaling positive understanding, rationality, consideration, and conciseness while in an argument with someone that you disagree with.4. Physiological arousal and induced imagined interactions. Honeycutt and his associates examined how in the midst of trauma, imagined interactions using the catharsis function to release emotion, dealing with anxiety and tension relief helped family members in dealing with the chaos of Hurricane Katrina. Additionally, theorem six of imagined interaction conflict-linkage theory states how recurring conflict is a function of physiology arousal due to neurotransmitter stimulation in the brain (Honeycutt & Cantrill, 2001; Honeycutt, 2004; 2010). The theorem is reprinted below and has been modified over the years due to reach on cardiovascular reactivity.Theorem 6--Recurring conflict is reflected in physiological arousal in which anxiety is triggered and persons “fight” or take “flight” in terms of the sympathetic nervous system.)Indeed, any explanation of conflict must acknowledge the impact of neurology and physiology. In the Matchbox Interaction Lab, Honeycutt observed the rise in heart-rate variability as relational partners relive and express ongoing grievances with each other. His physiological work in mental imagery has revealed how imagining thoughts triggers physiological responses similar to actual behavioral involvement of the imagined sequence. The work of Eric Klinger on daydreaming reveals similar results.5. Nonverbal immediacy and social control cues—A research program that began at Illinois and resulted in numerous, early publications. When people are expected to interact with unfriendly people, they can subliminally influence the responses of others by using nonverbal, immediacy cues in order to create a more palatable conversation (e.g., smiling, eye gaze, talk initiation, pseudoagreements such as “uh-hum,” “yes”) hoping the other person will reciprocate (Honeycutt, 1989; 1992; 1995). Critical cues are mutual eye gaze as opposed to unilateral or no gaze. Witness the eye gaze of Claire and Cliff Huxtable of the old Cosby Show. Claire is the leader of the family even though Cliff talks more.6. Music therapy is the ability to experience an altered state of physical arousal and subsequent mood by processing a progression of musical notes of varying tone, rhythm, and instrumentation for a pleasing effect. Honeycutt played music instruments including Ludwig Vistalite Drums, harmonicas, five-string banjo, and violin. He routinely played music in terms of music therapy to his students at the beginning of every class in order to simultaneously stimulate relaxation, inspiration, and serenity. He discussed how music is a universal language in terms of tones and rhythm. He indicated that music ultimately has a significant impact on the mood of an individual and can also enhance resolution during interpersonal conflict depending on the type of music and genre that was played. Music affects alpha, delta, and theta waves. A prime example of this is the research on the classic Mozart effect in order to calm emotions since this works in conjunctions with brains’ neurotransmitters in terms of alpha wave activity (Sound machines such as listening to a waterfall may have similar effects).A primary goal behind music therapy is to control emotions by playing a medley of songs depending on the existing emotional state of the person. For music therapy to be fully effective as a relaxation technique it is best that the music be instrumental without lyrics.Honeycutt (2014) defined the ISO principle of music therapy as the following: ISO principle—Incremental sound organizer (Play rhythmic & tonal music that matches the existing mood of the person & gradually increases its rhythm & intensity) to a more positive tone in order to generate positive emotion. A medley of songs or sounds must be arranged in which slow, sullen music is initially played that matches to mood of the listener with positive music appearing after serene songs. A classic example of the ISO principle is Maurice Ravel's Bolero which starts out slow and soft and builds to a crescendo. The universal ISO consists of sound archetypes formulated over the generations. Conversely, the gestalt ISO develops during fetal development as a result of fetus’ perceptions of sound experiences inside the womb, such as their mother’s voice, heartbeat, their own heartbeat, and blood flow. The universal ISO and the gestalt ISO united to give the fetus its own unique characteristics of sound identity http://en.benessere.com/psychology/articles/music_theoretical_principles.htmHe published research with Michael Eidenmuller, a former doctoral student and faculty at the University of Texas at Tyler in 2001 a fellow colleague and musician dealing with conflict resolution and listening to positive and negative music in relation to conversations with intimates at home as well as road rage. In his research on road rage, Honeycutt (2010) found support for the Mozart principle of playing classical music even if drivers disdained classical music. According to research, certain types of music can reduce the levels of stress, depression or anxiety. He found that if driver education instructors disseminated information about the Mozart effect to new drivers, their level of stress and anxiety would decrease and they will be less likely to vent their anger at other drivers on the road. Heart rate variability was negatively associated with riding the brake, but positively associated with increased speed and tailgating. Hence, while accelerating, persons actually feel calmer in heavy traffic conditions.Unfortunately, this gives drivers time to ruminate and mull over old arguments and conflicts. He found that being a punishing driver was associated with venting in terms of imagined interactions, raging, and talking out loud, such that the car was used as a weapon. Yet, this decreased if Mozart or tranquil, instrumental music was playing in the background. There was less of an effect with lyrical music.There are physiological arousal in terms of music as the brain is stimulated Indeed, the pitch, rhythm, meter and timbre are processed in various parts of the brain including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and parietal lobe. Rhythm and pitch are primarily left brain hemisphere functions, while timbre and melody are processed primarily in the right hemisphere. See more at: http://www.omharmonics.com/blog/how-music-affects-the-brain/#sthash.icpaf4wl.dpufHe highly endorses the Global Z Recording Project which is a nonprofit project designed for young musicians from around the world based on the belief that music can heal and inspire. http://tgzrp.com/7. Signalling theory in which individuals consciously or subconsciously emit verbal and nonverbal communication cues about their personality, temperament, and motivations. He examined this in terms of the cues that people send out to indicate if they are aggressive and that conflict will escalate (Honeycutt & Eldredge, 2015). This has important ramifications for victims of domestic violence who may either be desensitized to the clues as well as highly sensitive to them and can pinpoint early signs of abusive tendencies as well as police interrogators examining claims of domestic violence within the home and among intimates. This research is continuing and provides critical insights into cue detectionApplied Findings Regarding “Rules for How to Argue""Following is a list of rules that couples endorse in terms of how to argue more constructively. These rules have been confirmed in Australia and America (Honeycutt, Woods, & Fontenot, 1993; Jones & Gallois, 1989). A technique known as factor analysis revealed four underlying rules for constructive arguing: showing positive understanding, being rationale, concise, and showing consideration characterize happy relationships more than unhappy relationships when persons are arguing. The higher the factor loading in parentheses the more important that rule is in portraying the underlined factor. How many of these examples you do?Positive UnderstandingShould be able to say you are sorry (.81)Resolve problem so both are happy (.79)Support and praise your partner where due (.69)Listen to your partner (.67)See your partner's viewpoint (.64)Be honest & say what is on your mind (.63)Should look at each other (.57)Explore alternatives (.55)Make joint decisions (.55)Don't dismiss your partner’s issue as unimportant (.55)RationalityDon't get angry (.85)Shouldn't argue (.75)Don't raise voice (.72)Avoid combative issues (.60)Don't lose your temper or be aggressive (.58)Try to remain calm and not get upset (.52)ConcisenessBe specific, don't generalize (.68)Be consistent (.66)Keep to the main point (.63)Clarify the problem (.59)ConsiderationDon't talk too much (.69)Don't make your partner feel guilty (.66)Don't push your view as the only one (.65)Don't mimic or be sarcastic to your partner (.62)Understand other's faults & don’t be judgmental (.62)Don't talk down to your partner (.55)Acronym for Effective Listening and CommunicationL – Listen, O- Observe, V-Verify, E- Express
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report