Variability properties of daily and monthly observed near-surface
... where Nj is the number of regional stations for the year j. The use of regional average, in general, provides a time series that is a better representation of large-scale climatic processes (Partal and Kahya, 2006), thus making it easier to deal with one index series in a region. Before using the M ...
... where Nj is the number of regional stations for the year j. The use of regional average, in general, provides a time series that is a better representation of large-scale climatic processes (Partal and Kahya, 2006), thus making it easier to deal with one index series in a region. Before using the M ...
PDF
... An initial survey was conducted in 2008 before the biannual surveys began in 2010. Specifically, Weitzman (2001) asked: “Taking all relevant considerations into account, what real interest rate do you think should be used to discount over time the (expected) benefits and (expected) costs of projects ...
... An initial survey was conducted in 2008 before the biannual surveys began in 2010. Specifically, Weitzman (2001) asked: “Taking all relevant considerations into account, what real interest rate do you think should be used to discount over time the (expected) benefits and (expected) costs of projects ...
Sweden facing climate change - Government Offices of Sweden
... the last 100 years. The rate of warming in the last 50 years has been almost double that in the whole 100-year period, and it is very likely that this has been largely caused by human activities. The mean global temperature will in all probability rise by a further 1.8−4.0 degrees by the end of the ...
... the last 100 years. The rate of warming in the last 50 years has been almost double that in the whole 100-year period, and it is very likely that this has been largely caused by human activities. The mean global temperature will in all probability rise by a further 1.8−4.0 degrees by the end of the ...
PDF
... additional warming of about 4-7 degrees C in the Arctic is predicted in the next 100 years.” This is expected to bring about biophysical changes that will result in the extinction of several species that depend for their survival on Arctic habitats. 3. Some Physical and Chemical Impacts on the Biosp ...
... additional warming of about 4-7 degrees C in the Arctic is predicted in the next 100 years.” This is expected to bring about biophysical changes that will result in the extinction of several species that depend for their survival on Arctic habitats. 3. Some Physical and Chemical Impacts on the Biosp ...
Carbon and climate system coupling on timescales from the
... geophysical system due to the sensitivity of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) levels to fossil-fuel combustion, agriculture, and land-use (1). Rising atmospheric CO2 and, to a lesser extent, CH4 over the last two centuries have driven substantial global warming (2, 3), which in tur ...
... geophysical system due to the sensitivity of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) levels to fossil-fuel combustion, agriculture, and land-use (1). Rising atmospheric CO2 and, to a lesser extent, CH4 over the last two centuries have driven substantial global warming (2, 3), which in tur ...
POSITION Choosing between stagnation and change – Why the EU Summary
... participate in this process could be won. In 2012, the Parties will negotiate legally binding quantified emission limitation or reduction objectives (QELROs) for greenhouse gases in developed countries in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 1 January 2013. ...
... participate in this process could be won. In 2012, the Parties will negotiate legally binding quantified emission limitation or reduction objectives (QELROs) for greenhouse gases in developed countries in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 1 January 2013. ...
Project Information - Donald Bren School of Information and
... reduce the variance of the Monte Carlo estimator of the gradient in blackbox variational inference. Instead of taking samples from the variational distribution, we use importance sampling to take samples from an overdispersed distribution in the same exponential family as the variational approximati ...
... reduce the variance of the Monte Carlo estimator of the gradient in blackbox variational inference. Instead of taking samples from the variational distribution, we use importance sampling to take samples from an overdispersed distribution in the same exponential family as the variational approximati ...
Multi-hazard Risks and Vulnerable Populations in the Caribbean
... concerning the methods or techniques for comparing hazard vulnerability within or between places (especially small-island developing states). Refinement of vulnerability assessment methods and the delineation of highly vulnerable hot spots can help governments, donor organizations, and others intere ...
... concerning the methods or techniques for comparing hazard vulnerability within or between places (especially small-island developing states). Refinement of vulnerability assessment methods and the delineation of highly vulnerable hot spots can help governments, donor organizations, and others intere ...
Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya
... during the late 20th century. They also found that the rate of decrease of minimum temperature is three times that of the rate of decrease of maximum temperature, indicating that the minimum temperature is the larger contributor to the cooling trend in the pre-monsoon mean temperature. The temperatu ...
... during the late 20th century. They also found that the rate of decrease of minimum temperature is three times that of the rate of decrease of maximum temperature, indicating that the minimum temperature is the larger contributor to the cooling trend in the pre-monsoon mean temperature. The temperatu ...
Author`s personal copy
... and root) (Ryan, 1991). The Rh is estimated within TRIPLEX1.0 as the sum of all respiration fluxes of dead organic matter which equivalent to the net decomposition release of carbon from litter and soil pools described in CENTURY (Parton et al., 1993). The effects of increased growth under elevated C ...
... and root) (Ryan, 1991). The Rh is estimated within TRIPLEX1.0 as the sum of all respiration fluxes of dead organic matter which equivalent to the net decomposition release of carbon from litter and soil pools described in CENTURY (Parton et al., 1993). The effects of increased growth under elevated C ...
Paris Agreement and Marrakech Climate Conference
... pledges as made would not, if implemented, achieve the 2 oC limit, as they would reduce expected warming of 4-5oC to around 2.7oC. In response, there were calls from various negotiating groups, including the EU and the UK, for any agreement at Paris to include provisions for five yearly reviews of p ...
... pledges as made would not, if implemented, achieve the 2 oC limit, as they would reduce expected warming of 4-5oC to around 2.7oC. In response, there were calls from various negotiating groups, including the EU and the UK, for any agreement at Paris to include provisions for five yearly reviews of p ...
PDF
... The dynamic PEATSim model long term baseline reflects the macroeconomic drivers of the ERS Macroeconomic Projections (USDA, 2011). Primary data sources are USDA's production, supply, and disappearance database (PS&D, USDA, November, 2009) and OECD Aglink database. Population projections are obtained ...
... The dynamic PEATSim model long term baseline reflects the macroeconomic drivers of the ERS Macroeconomic Projections (USDA, 2011). Primary data sources are USDA's production, supply, and disappearance database (PS&D, USDA, November, 2009) and OECD Aglink database. Population projections are obtained ...
PDF
... makers to not only mitigate climate change as such, but also to address issues of equity such as the compensation of the worst hit regions or countries. For instance, the “Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts”1 initiated at the COP19 in 2013 aime ...
... makers to not only mitigate climate change as such, but also to address issues of equity such as the compensation of the worst hit regions or countries. For instance, the “Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts”1 initiated at the COP19 in 2013 aime ...
Climate Change and the World Council of Churches
... ecological sustainability and social justice, a focus on the specific issue of “global warming” began in some WCC member churches in the late 1980s. Scientific evidence had begun to point to a change in the atmospheric composition with potential serious climatic impacts. For instance, the Toronto Co ...
... ecological sustainability and social justice, a focus on the specific issue of “global warming” began in some WCC member churches in the late 1980s. Scientific evidence had begun to point to a change in the atmospheric composition with potential serious climatic impacts. For instance, the Toronto Co ...
Climate Change
... Gases in the earth’s atmosphere trap some of the sun’s energy that would otherwise be radiated back into space. This is called the greenhouse effect. This process keeps the earth at a temperature suitable for life. Climate change results from an enhanced greenhouse effect. Increased levels of greenh ...
... Gases in the earth’s atmosphere trap some of the sun’s energy that would otherwise be radiated back into space. This is called the greenhouse effect. This process keeps the earth at a temperature suitable for life. Climate change results from an enhanced greenhouse effect. Increased levels of greenh ...
Risk of ruin paper - Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
... IPCC (2007) is a survey of existing literature – it deals with what is known and considered to be most likely to happen. For example sea level rises are projected to rise between 0.18 and 0.58m by 2099. IPCC (2007a) then goes on to say “Models used to date do not include uncertainties in climate-ca ...
... IPCC (2007) is a survey of existing literature – it deals with what is known and considered to be most likely to happen. For example sea level rises are projected to rise between 0.18 and 0.58m by 2099. IPCC (2007a) then goes on to say “Models used to date do not include uncertainties in climate-ca ...
PDF
... In this section we introduce our welfare function and the dynamic programming equation. The main feature distinguishing our setting from other integrated assessment models is the ability to disentangle effects of risk and risk attitude from effects driven by the desire to smooth consumption over tim ...
... In this section we introduce our welfare function and the dynamic programming equation. The main feature distinguishing our setting from other integrated assessment models is the ability to disentangle effects of risk and risk attitude from effects driven by the desire to smooth consumption over tim ...
American Behavioral Scientist - Dana R. Fisher
... (see Sheppard, 2011, for a full review). With the National Academy of Sciences maintaining a consistent position since 2001 that human-induced climate change is occurring and “temperatures are, in fact, rising” (Cicerone & the Committee on the Science of Climate Change, 2001, p. 1), it is surprising ...
... (see Sheppard, 2011, for a full review). With the National Academy of Sciences maintaining a consistent position since 2001 that human-induced climate change is occurring and “temperatures are, in fact, rising” (Cicerone & the Committee on the Science of Climate Change, 2001, p. 1), it is surprising ...
Impacts of Climate Change on Saskatchewan`s Water Resources
... infrastructure to minimize the risk associated with the impacts of climate change. Prairie province hydrology is dominated by cold regions processes so that snowmelt is the primary hydrological event of the year for both the major rivers that derive from the Rocky Mountains and small streams and riv ...
... infrastructure to minimize the risk associated with the impacts of climate change. Prairie province hydrology is dominated by cold regions processes so that snowmelt is the primary hydrological event of the year for both the major rivers that derive from the Rocky Mountains and small streams and riv ...
Vulnerability and climate change hotspots in Africa
... ADC-CSC)), Gaboronee, Botswanna, in work king with th he Nationaal Meteorollogical and Center (SA ...
... ADC-CSC)), Gaboronee, Botswanna, in work king with th he Nationaal Meteorollogical and Center (SA ...
Climate Change and the Global Economy
... dramatically by the end of the century. The IPCC projects that, in the absence of emission control policies, global temperatures will increase by 2.8°C on average over the next century, with best-guess increases ranging from 1.8°C to 4°C across SRES scenarios (IPCC, 2007). The probability of higher ...
... dramatically by the end of the century. The IPCC projects that, in the absence of emission control policies, global temperatures will increase by 2.8°C on average over the next century, with best-guess increases ranging from 1.8°C to 4°C across SRES scenarios (IPCC, 2007). The probability of higher ...
The high-latitude terrestrial carbon sink
... both south and north, halving the current tundra area by 2100. This expansion contributed about 30% to the sink by the 2090 s. Tundra areas which were not invaded by forest ¯uctuated from sink to source. It was concluded that a high latitude carbon sink exists at present and, even assuming little ef ...
... both south and north, halving the current tundra area by 2100. This expansion contributed about 30% to the sink by the 2090 s. Tundra areas which were not invaded by forest ¯uctuated from sink to source. It was concluded that a high latitude carbon sink exists at present and, even assuming little ef ...