Nissen AA
... naturally to this amplification. This is taking a naïve view that amplification is similar to an electronic amplifier which takes the input of an electrical signal and produces an output which is linearly related to the input. So, for an AA factor of two, the Arctic is taking in a temperature or a w ...
... naturally to this amplification. This is taking a naïve view that amplification is similar to an electronic amplifier which takes the input of an electrical signal and produces an output which is linearly related to the input. So, for an AA factor of two, the Arctic is taking in a temperature or a w ...
GHG.36_Parmesan Ecological Impacts
... geographic scales and a variety of species, and these U.S. impacts reflect global trends. Even against a backg round of apparently dominating forces such as direct human-driven habitat destruction and alteration, a climate “fingerprint” is discernible in natural systems. The most rigorous studies wi ...
... geographic scales and a variety of species, and these U.S. impacts reflect global trends. Even against a backg round of apparently dominating forces such as direct human-driven habitat destruction and alteration, a climate “fingerprint” is discernible in natural systems. The most rigorous studies wi ...
Toward a Mathematical Theory of Climate Sensitivity
... The first attempt at a consensus estimate of the equilibrium sensitivity of climate to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations appeared in 1979, in the U.S. National Research Council report of J.G. Charney and associates. The result was the now famous range for an increase of 1.5–4.5 K ...
... The first attempt at a consensus estimate of the equilibrium sensitivity of climate to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations appeared in 1979, in the U.S. National Research Council report of J.G. Charney and associates. The result was the now famous range for an increase of 1.5–4.5 K ...
CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: from the
... ensemble of ESMs, and past observed warming, projected global temperatures are likely to exceed 2 8C above preindustrial times for higher emission scenarios, with ‘‘likely’’ being defined as with a probability between 66 and 100%. This threshold can, however, likely be avoided in a low emission scen ...
... ensemble of ESMs, and past observed warming, projected global temperatures are likely to exceed 2 8C above preindustrial times for higher emission scenarios, with ‘‘likely’’ being defined as with a probability between 66 and 100%. This threshold can, however, likely be avoided in a low emission scen ...
ANPR Comments- Endangerment
... Increased concentrations of tropospheric O3 are causing a significant anthropogenic warming effect, but, unlike the long-lived six GHGs, tropospheric O3 has a short atmospheric lifetime (hours to weeks), and therefore its concentrations are more variable over space and time. For these reasons, its g ...
... Increased concentrations of tropospheric O3 are causing a significant anthropogenic warming effect, but, unlike the long-lived six GHGs, tropospheric O3 has a short atmospheric lifetime (hours to weeks), and therefore its concentrations are more variable over space and time. For these reasons, its g ...
Climate Change, the Indoor Environment and Health
... Continued livestock production and associated water usage in this region will exacerbate water shortages as climate change impacts continue https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-great-plains ...
... Continued livestock production and associated water usage in this region will exacerbate water shortages as climate change impacts continue https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-great-plains ...
Working with Russia on Climate Change:
... • Climate change is not among top-priorities of the Russian policy; • Climate change and sustainable energy issues are split up between 9 Ministries and Agencies -> low level of co-operation; • Weak signals from federal to regional and local authorities; • Enormous oil and gas resources slow dow ...
... • Climate change is not among top-priorities of the Russian policy; • Climate change and sustainable energy issues are split up between 9 Ministries and Agencies -> low level of co-operation; • Weak signals from federal to regional and local authorities; • Enormous oil and gas resources slow dow ...
Effect of plants on Climate
... The study utilized climate modeling and other independent data to show that the climate in Rocky Mountain National Park and in surrounding natural areas is being affected by changes in land-use in the lower-elevation plains of Colorado. Land-use in this area has been consistently shifting toward agr ...
... The study utilized climate modeling and other independent data to show that the climate in Rocky Mountain National Park and in surrounding natural areas is being affected by changes in land-use in the lower-elevation plains of Colorado. Land-use in this area has been consistently shifting toward agr ...
Potential for Southern Hemisphere climate surprises
... such natural variability will produce changes that appear surprising in the context of longer-term background trends, potentially because the mechanisms by which natural variability operates may be impacted by anthropogenic activity. As an example, modes of variability such as El Ni~ no Southern Osc ...
... such natural variability will produce changes that appear surprising in the context of longer-term background trends, potentially because the mechanisms by which natural variability operates may be impacted by anthropogenic activity. As an example, modes of variability such as El Ni~ no Southern Osc ...
Communicating the science of climate change
... dominant observed changes in the climate system are consistent with the responses expected from increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They are inconsistent with any natural external forcing mechanisms such as volcanism or changes in the Sun. The fingerprint of human activity is t ...
... dominant observed changes in the climate system are consistent with the responses expected from increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They are inconsistent with any natural external forcing mechanisms such as volcanism or changes in the Sun. The fingerprint of human activity is t ...
The Kyoto Protocol: Background • The Kyoto Protocol to the United
... and Ukraine are to stabilize their emissions, while Norway may increase emissions by up to 1%, Australia by up to 8%, and Iceland 10%. The six gases are to be combined in a "basket", with reductions in individual gases translated into "CO2 equivalents" that are then added up to produce a single figu ...
... and Ukraine are to stabilize their emissions, while Norway may increase emissions by up to 1%, Australia by up to 8%, and Iceland 10%. The six gases are to be combined in a "basket", with reductions in individual gases translated into "CO2 equivalents" that are then added up to produce a single figu ...
The Climate System
... The National Institute for Climate Change: - 26 research projects covering the science of climate change, impact-adaptation-vulnerability studies, and mitigation; technological developments in climate modeling and geosensors - 90 research groups in Brazil and 8 countries; 400 researchers and student ...
... The National Institute for Climate Change: - 26 research projects covering the science of climate change, impact-adaptation-vulnerability studies, and mitigation; technological developments in climate modeling and geosensors - 90 research groups in Brazil and 8 countries; 400 researchers and student ...
the full leaflet here.
... needed to craft implementable low carbon projects that lead to MEASURABLE RESULTS. Independent or together with business partners, the program helps companies strategize on how reduced emissions can be a driver for business development and innovation for their organizations, thereby shifting focus f ...
... needed to craft implementable low carbon projects that lead to MEASURABLE RESULTS. Independent or together with business partners, the program helps companies strategize on how reduced emissions can be a driver for business development and innovation for their organizations, thereby shifting focus f ...
Summary of Proceedings Conference on CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
... amounts will change in the future. Differences in use according to region have to do with population density and the mix of fuels that each economy uses. The United States is the biggest user, followed by the European Union, but this is because the U.S. simply has more available space; it is thus p ...
... amounts will change in the future. Differences in use according to region have to do with population density and the mix of fuels that each economy uses. The United States is the biggest user, followed by the European Union, but this is because the U.S. simply has more available space; it is thus p ...
Animal Agriculture and Climate Change in Michigan
... the nutritional quality of feed inputs(4), all leading to impacts on availability, price and animal performance. Increasing temperatures have led to a longer growing season that may benefit forage crops(5, 6) but may increase the amount of irrigation water needed to meet crop demands. In some areas ...
... the nutritional quality of feed inputs(4), all leading to impacts on availability, price and animal performance. Increasing temperatures have led to a longer growing season that may benefit forage crops(5, 6) but may increase the amount of irrigation water needed to meet crop demands. In some areas ...
Pacific Northwest - USA National Phenology Network
... This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature ...
... This is one in a series of eight, geographic region-focused information sheets that summarizes documented changes in plant and animal phenology over the past century across the United States. This summary is based on long-term studies (10 years or more) published in the primary scientific literature ...
Climate Change Impacts - Pacific Islands
... projected temperature increase is not likely to have widespread adverse consequences, some ecosystems, such as coral reefs, are very sensitive to temperature changes. For example, mangrove area in the Pacific Islands is expected to decline by 1% and 13% associated with an increase of 2 C° and 4 C° t ...
... projected temperature increase is not likely to have widespread adverse consequences, some ecosystems, such as coral reefs, are very sensitive to temperature changes. For example, mangrove area in the Pacific Islands is expected to decline by 1% and 13% associated with an increase of 2 C° and 4 C° t ...
THE SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Senate Floor Statement by
... alarmism. After studying the issue over the last several years, I believe that the balance of the evidence offers strong proof that natural variability is the overwhelming factor influencing climate. It’s also important to question whether global warming is even a problem for human existence. Thus f ...
... alarmism. After studying the issue over the last several years, I believe that the balance of the evidence offers strong proof that natural variability is the overwhelming factor influencing climate. It’s also important to question whether global warming is even a problem for human existence. Thus f ...
File
... If rate of CO2 increase is 1.4 ppm/year, what will CO2 concentration be in 2100? 1.4 ppm/year x 90 years = 126 ppm 126 ppm + 390 ppm = 516 ppm CO2 ...
... If rate of CO2 increase is 1.4 ppm/year, what will CO2 concentration be in 2100? 1.4 ppm/year x 90 years = 126 ppm 126 ppm + 390 ppm = 516 ppm CO2 ...
To see the full version, please read the original
... Oxide (N2O) and CFCs. • CH4 from past emissions contributes 20% • N2O, other industrial gases and ODS contribute 20% (CFCs are stabilizing under MP) • CO2 is currently responsible for over 60% of the enhanced greenhouse effect ...
... Oxide (N2O) and CFCs. • CH4 from past emissions contributes 20% • N2O, other industrial gases and ODS contribute 20% (CFCs are stabilizing under MP) • CO2 is currently responsible for over 60% of the enhanced greenhouse effect ...
Post-normal Science
... - science is mostly not done for reasons of curiosity but is asked for as support for preconceived value-based agendas. - scientific knowledge is merely one form of knowledge, which competes on the „explanation marked“ with other forms of knowledge. Scientific knowledge does not necessarily “win” th ...
... - science is mostly not done for reasons of curiosity but is asked for as support for preconceived value-based agendas. - scientific knowledge is merely one form of knowledge, which competes on the „explanation marked“ with other forms of knowledge. Scientific knowledge does not necessarily “win” th ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.